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date | event | tags | firsts | ||||||||||||||||||
1900 (In the year) | The publication of Tablets Revealed by the Blessed Perfection and Abdul-Beha Abbas. 13p. It consisted of miscellaneous tablets "brought to this country by Haji Mirza Hassan, Mirza Assad' Ullah, and Mirza Hussien." Published in New York by the Board of Counsel.
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* Bahá'u'lláh, Writings of; * `Abdu'l-Bahá, Writings and talks of; New York, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
c. 1900 | For the state of affairs in Haifa just after the turn of the century see CB231-234. | Covenant-breakers; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); Haifa, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
c. 1900 | See Summon up Remembrance p10-15 by Marzieh Gail for a description of life in Persia 1880s -> early 20th Century.
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Marzieh Gail; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1900 (In the year) | A Tablet from 'Abdu'l-Bahá to the American believers was presented through 'Abdu'l-Karim Effendi, who had been the teacher of Dr. Ibrahim Kheiralla.
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Abdel Karim Effendi Teherani; Ibrahim George Kheiralla; Arthur Pillsbury Dodge; Anton Haddad; James F. Brittingham; New York, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1900 (Early part) | `Abdu'l-Bahá began to build the foundations of the Shrine of the Báb. [CB223]
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Báb, Shrine of; Mount Carmel; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); `Abdu'l-Bahá, Basic timeline; Eight (number); - Basic timeline, Expanded; - Bahá'í World Centre; Haifa, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1900 (In the year) | Charlotte and Henry Morton moved from Kenosha to Milwaukee, becoming the city's first Bahá'í residents. By 1906, the Milwaukee community had grown to fourteen members. [Encyclopedia of Milwaukee] | Charlotte and Henry Morton; Charlotte and Henry Morton; Milwaukee, WI | first Bahá'ís in Milwaukee | ||||||||||||||||||
1900 (In the year) | The publication of Prayers, Tablets, Instructions and Miscellany, together with pilgrim's notes of the second party of American Bahá'ís to visit Akka, Palestine: Edward and Lua Getsinger, Arthur and Elizabeth Dodge and William and Anna Hoar.
Ali-Kuli Khan was with that group of pilgrims. When one looks at this small book or only 91 pages, one is amazed at how little these early Western Bahá'ís had of the Words and the Writings...and how deep their faith was that so little sufficed.[AB88] |
* Publications; * Translation; * Prayer texts; Edward Getsinger; Arthur Dodge; William Hoar; Lua Getsinger; Elizabeth Dodge; Anna Hoar; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
c. 1900 | The Kitáb-i-Aqdas was translated by Anton Haddad. It was not published but circulated in typescript form. [BFA2:27; SA251]
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Kitáb-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book); * Translation; Anton Haddad; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1900 Jan | The Behais Publishing and Supply Board was created in Chicago. It was the property of four Chicao Bah´'ís, Thornton Chase, Arthur Agnew, Charles Greenleaf and Frank Hoffman. This same entity is now called the Bahá'í Publishing Trust. [BFA1:XXIX; BFA2p24-25] | Publishing Trusts; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1900 8 Mar | At a meeting in Kenosha, Kheiralla publicly announced his doubts about `Abdu'l-Bahá's leadership of the Bahá'í community. He also said that 'Abdu'l-Bahá was not the return of Christ has be had been teaching. [BFA1:XXIX; SBBH1:96; SBBH2:117; SBBH1p96]
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Ibrahim George Kheiralla; Mírzá Muhammad Ali; Covenant-breakers; Kenosha, WI; Wisconsin, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1900 c. 16 Mar | The Chicago community re-organized by selecting a ten-member Board of Council. Neither Kheiralla nor any of his supporters were on the Board. [BFA1:XXIX, 170; The Service of Women on the Institutions of the Baha'i Faith] | Board of Council; Spiritual Assemblies; LSA; Ibrahim George Kheiralla; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1900 22 or 23 Mar | On the 3rd of January, 1990 Sarah Farmer and her friend Maria Wilson boarded the SS Füst Bismark for the Mediterranean. On board they discovered two old friends, Josephine Locke and Elizabeth Knudson who were on their way to pilgrimage. The party sailed to Egypt and while awaiting 'Abdu'l-Bahá's permission to go to Akka, spent time with Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl. They arrived in Akka on the 23rd of March, 1900. In preparation Miss Farmer had prepared a list of 15 questions to ask 'Abdu'l-Bahá but forgot them in her accomodations when she was called to meet Him. He answered all of questions in order. [GAP27-29; VAB37-39] | Sarah Farmer; Maria Wilson; Pilgrimage; Haifa, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1900 (In the year) | Sarah Farmer put Green Acre at the disposal of the Bahá'ís after her pilgrimage to `Akká in 1900. [BFA2:144–5; GPB261]
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Sarah Farmer; Green Acre, Eliot, ME; First summer and winter schools; Eliot, ME; Maine, USA; USA | First Bahá'í summer school site | ||||||||||||||||||
1900 26 Apr | On the instructions of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Egyptian businessman Hájí `Abdu'l-Karím-i-Tihrání arrived in New York, the first Persian Bahá'í to visit North America. He had taught the Faith to Kheiralla in Egypt. His purpose was to try to bring Kheiralla back into the Faith and to explain the basic teachings of the Faith to the American believers. He was accompanied by Mirza Sinore Raffie, his translator. [BFA173–6; BFA2:17–29]
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Hájí `Abdu'l-Karim-i-Tihrani; Ibrahim George Kheiralla; Mírzá Sinore Raffie; Covenant-breakers; Shuaullah; New York, USA; USA | First Persian Bahá'í to visit North America | ||||||||||||||||||
1900 Apr | Dr Yúnis Khán arrived in `Akká to act as translator for `Abdu'l-Bahá. He remained for nine years. [BW12:679-681] | Youness Afroukhteh (Yunis Afrukhtih); Translators; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1900 5 Aug | Hájí `Abdu'l-Karím-i-Tihrání left the United States, his efforts to win Kheiralla back to the Faith having failed. [BFA176]
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Hájí `Abdu'l-Karim-i-Tihrani; Ibrahim George Kheiralla; New York, USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1900 4 Nov | The Persian teachers Mírzá Asadu'lláh-i-Isfahání (1826-1930) and Hájí Hasan-i-Khurásání, a merchant from Cairo, arrived in America. Their task was to consolidate the American community and to address the effects of Kheiralla's disaffection. [BFA2p35–43]
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Hájí Hasan-i-Khurasani; Mírzá Asadullah-i-Isfahani; Mírzá Husayn Ruhi; Mírzá Burzurg; Covenant-breakers; Johnstown, NY; New York, USA; New York, USA; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1900 26 Nov | Agnes Baldwin Alexander wrote to `Abdu'l-Bahá declaring her belief in Bahá'u'lláh. [BFA2:159; SBR176; PH32]
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Agnes Alexander; May Maxwell (Bolles); Charlotte Dixon; Rome, Italy; Italy; Paris, France; France; Oakland, CA; California, USA; London, England; United Kingdom; Honolulu, HI; Hawaii, USA | First Bahá'í to set foot in Hawaii | ||||||||||||||||||
1900 7 Dec | In New York, nine men were selected to govern the affairs of the Faith. Those serving were Arthur Dodge, Hooper Harris, William Hoar, Andrew Hutchinson, Howard MacNutt, Frank Osborne, Edwin Putnam, Charles Sprague and Orosco Woolson. Among the problems that they had to face was the effect of the disaffection of Kheiralla. [BFA2p36; Highlights of the First 40 Years of the Bahá'í Faith in New York, City of the Covenant, 1892-1932 by Hussein Ahdieh p5]
One of the men, William Hoar, had been present at the reading of the paper by Henry Jessop at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1892. Shortly after he began study of the Faith with Ibrahim Khayru'llah. Later Hoar moved to New York where he continued study with Anton Haddad. Haddad had learned of the Faith in Egypt from Haji 'Abdu'l-Karim-i-Tihrani. [WMSH59] |
Board of Council; Spiritual Assemblies; LSA; Ibrahim George Kheiralla; Arthur Dodge; Hooper Harris; William Hoar; Andrew Hutchinson; Howard MacNutt; Frank Osborne; Edwin Putnam; Charles Sprague; Orosco Woolson; Ibrahim George Kheiralla; Anton Haddad; Hájí `Abdu'l-Karim-i-Tihrani; New York, USA; USA | first "Spiritual Assembly" meeting in America???? | ||||||||||||||||||
1901 (In the Year) | The publication of Lessons on the Beha Revelation by W Hooper Harris. This publication was a series of lessons based on Christian prophecies that was used for teaching the Bahá'í Faith in the early days of the religion in the United States. [Collins7.1136] | Hooper Harris; Bayonne, NJ | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 (In the Year) | The publication of Lesson on the Beha Revelation by W Hooper Harris. This publication was a series of lessons based on Christian prophecies that was used for teaching the Bahá'í Faith in the early days of the religion in the United States. [Collins7.1136] | Hooper Harris; Bayonne, NJ | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 (In the year) | Arthur Pillsbury Dodge published his book The Truth of It, the first introductory book on the Bahá'í Faith written by a Western believer. [BFA2:93; Collins7.820] | Arthur Pillsbury Dodge; Introductory; - First publications; * Publications; USA | First introductory book on Bahá'í Faith written by Western believer | ||||||||||||||||||
1901 (In the year) | The Junayn Gardens northwest of Mazra`ih, owned by several Bahá'ís, was registered under the name of `Abdu'l-Bahá and a brother. [BBD124] | Junayn gardens; House of Bahá'u'lláh (Mazraih); `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 (In the year) | William Hoar, one of the first Bahá'ís in America, was asked by `Abdu'l-Bahá to meet with the Persian ambassador in Washington to request justice for the Bahá'ís of Iran, thus marking the beginning of the efforts of the American Bahá'í community to alleviate the persecution of their brethren. [BFA2:51] | William Hoar; Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Other; - Persecution; - Ambassadors; Human Rights; Firsts, other; Washington, DC, USA; USA; Iran | First effort of American Bahá'í community to alleviate persecution of Persian brethren. | ||||||||||||||||||
1901 (In the year) | Siyyid Mustafá Rúmí sent from Rangoon a sample of the marble that the sarcophagus for the remains of the Báb was to be made from. Mishkin-Qalam asked for permission to design a Greatest Name for the sarcophagus, and, as was his custom, he signed the design. In the time of Bahá'u'lláh he signed his work with "The servant of the Threshold of Bahá, Mishkin-Qalam" but for this work his proposal had the signature, "The servant of `Abdu'l-Bahá, Mishkin-Qalam." 'Abdu'l-Bahá did not approve. Throughout His ministry, `Abdu'l-Bahá greatly disapproved of believers composing verses about, or glorifying, His Person in any way. He would admonish them to focus their praise on Bahá'u'lláh. [MBBA155-157] | Báb, Shrine of; Mount Carmel; Báb, Remains of; Báb, Sarcophagus for; Sarcophagus; Mishkin-Qalam; Siyyid Mustafa Rumi; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); Yangon, Myanmar; Myanmar; Haifa, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 (In the year) | The Faith is introduced to China by a Persian. [Major events of the Century of Light prepared by Dr. Ahmadi] | China | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 (In the year) | 'Abdu'l-Bahá had Gabriel Sacy, a Bahá'í Frenchman of Syrian Christian origin, deliver a message to Leo Tolstoy. In speaking of the colonialism and the imperialism of the day He said in part: (emphasis added)
For several centuries the West has been now attacking the East like bandits with its armies and cavalries and has not stopped yet. And it is going to continue this assault with all troops at its disposal until Doomsday. You observe the large armies impetuously assaulting like lions from the woods of the Western world onto the battlefields of the East. Among these are an army of finance (tharwa), an army of industries (saná`a), an army of commerce (tijára), an army of politics (siyása), an army of knowledge (ma´árif) and an army of discoveries (iktisháfát), numerous soldiers loaded with war materiel, assaulting from the West with their sharp and deadly weapons and conquering the East in all its parts. |
Leo Tolstoy (author); Colonialism and imperialism; Gabriel Sacy | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 22 Jan | The passing of Queen Victoria.
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Queen Victoria; In Memoriam; Births and deaths; London, England; United Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 Apr | The Iranian ambassador to the Ottoman government at Istanbul, `Ala'u'l-Mulk, filed a report with the Office of Foreign Ministry in Tihran which was subsequently presented to the Shah. | Shah, Reports to; Istanbul, Turkey; Turkey | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 May | Ghulám-Ridá was killed in Najafábád. [BW18:385] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Najaf, Iranabad, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 (approx 4 yrs after ascension of Bahá'u'lláh) | 'Aqá Jamál Burújirdí had been a member of the Islamic clergy in Burujerd and was widely known and revered across Iran as a gifted teacher of the Faith.
He was a proud and egotistical man but during the lifetime of Bahá'u'lláh, he received much praise and various honorary titles such as Ismu'lláh'u'l-Jamál (The Name of God Jamál) due to his many services. During his visit to 'Akká following the passing of Bahá'u'lláh he made contact with Mírzá Muhammad-Alí with the goal of securing a prominent place in the administration of the faith under his leadership, all the while feigning loyalty to 'Abdu'l-Bahá. |
Jamal-i-Burujirdi; Covenant-breakers; Hájí Husayn-i-Kashi; Khalil-i-Khui; Jalil-i-Tabrizi; Names and titles; Fadil-i-Shirazi (Shaykh Muhammad Ibrahim); Borujerd, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 15 May | Mirza Assad'u'llah, received a Tablet from Abdul-Baha, in which He has positively declared to be necessary the establishment here of the House of Justice by election by the believers with order and just dealing. According to this blessed Announcement, our believers have elected those whom they deemed best fitted, and thus The House of Justice was established.The Chicago Bahá'ís elected a nine-man Board of Council for a term of five years. Those elected were: George Lesch, Charles H. Greenleaf, John A. Guilford, Dr. Rufus H. Bartlett, Thornton Chase, Charles Hessler, Arthur S. Agnew, Byron S. Lane and Henry L. Goodall. [BFA2:XXV, 44–7; The Service of Women on the Institutions of the Baha'i Faith]
Only days after the election of the Chicago House of Justice, a Ladies' Auxilliary Board was organized at the suggestion of Mrs. Ella Nash and Mrs. Corinne True. This Board was later to be known as the Women's Assembly of Teaching. It appears that the Ladies' Auxilliary was able to maintain control of the funds of the Chicago Bahá'í community despite the election of the House of Justice.[The Service of Women on the Institutions of the Baha'i Faith] |
Board of Council; Spiritual Assemblies; Local Spiritual Assembly, formation; Ladies Auxiliary Board; Ella Nash; Corinne True; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 20 May | The number of members on the Board of Council was raised to 12. [BFA2:47] | Board of Council; Spiritual Assemblies; LSA; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 24 May | The name of the Chicago Board of Council was changed to the House of Justice. [BFA2:48]
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Board of Council; House of Justice; Spiritual Assemblies; LSA; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 29 May | The Bahá'í women of Chicago elected their own Board and held the first business meeting of the `Women's Auxiliary Board' or "Women's Teaching Assembly". [BFA2:XV, 49–50; SYH64-65] | Women; Chicago, IL; USA | First business meeting of `Women's Auxiliary Board' | ||||||||||||||||||
1901 summer | Thomas Breakwell, an Englishman living in the United States, learned of the Bahá'í Faith in Paris from May Bolles. Within three days he became a believer and immediately wrote to `Abdu'l-Bahá. [AB74–5; BW7:707]
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Thomas Breakwell; May Maxwell (Bolles); Huququllah; First Bahá'ís by country or area; Firsts, other; Paris, France; France | First male British Bahá'í; first English believer; first Western Bahá'í to pay Huqúqu'lláh | ||||||||||||||||||
1901 (In the year) | Hippolyte Dreyfus heard of the Bahá'í Faith from May Bolles in Paris and soon after accepted it. [AB81–2]
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Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney; May Maxwell (Bolles); Laura Clifford Barney; Paris, France; France | First Frenchman to embrace the Faith; first European Bahá'í to visit Iran | ||||||||||||||||||
1901 Mid-Jul | Hájí Hasan-i-Khurásání and his translator, Husayn Rúhí left the United States to return to Egypt. [BFA2:38] | Hájí Hasan-i-Khurasani; New York, USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 Aug | Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl-i-Gulpáygání arrived in North America. [BFA2:XV]
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Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl Gulpaygani; Proofs; * Publications; Laura Clifford Barney; Ahmad Sohrab; Covenant-breakers; Green Acre, Eliot, ME; New York, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 Aug | `Abdu'l-Bahá wrote His Will and Testament over this seven-year period. [AB124–5, 484; BBD236]
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`Abdu'l-Bahá, Will and Testament of; Charters of the Bahá'í Faith; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); `Abdu'l-Bahá, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Covenant; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 20 Aug | Sultán `Abdu'l-Hamíd re-imposed the restrictions confining `Abdu'l-Bahá and His brothers within the walls of `Akká. [AB94; CB226–7; DH67–8; GBP264]
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Sultán `Abdu'l-Hamid; Mírzá Muhammad Ali; Covenant-breakers; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); `Abdu'l-Bahá, Basic timeline; Pilgrims; Pilgrimage; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Badiullah; Akka, Israel; Egypt | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 Sep | Thomas Breakwell went on pilgrimage to `Akká, the first Englishman to do so. He was accompanied by Herbert Hopper. [BFA2:154; BW7:709]
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Thomas Breakwell; Pilgrimage; First pilgrims; Herbert Hopper; Akka, Israel | First Englishman to go on pilgrimage to `Akká | ||||||||||||||||||
1901 12 Sep | The publication of tablets revealed by 'Abdu'l-Bahá "To the House of Justice at Chicago, To the Ladies' Assembly of Teaching, To Mirza Assad'ullah and to other individuals, also one to the Believers in Persia." translated by Ali-Kuli Khan. [Collins3.159; Tablets Revealed by the Master Abdul Beha Abbas.] | * `Abdu'l-Bahá, Writings and talks of; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 2 Nov | Birth of John Robarts, Hand of the Cause of God, in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. | John Robarts; Births and deaths; Waterloo, ON; Ontario, Canada; Canada | |||||||||||||||||||
1901 26 Nov | The Day of the Covenant
The Day of the Covenant is a Bahá'í holy day honouring the Covenant of Bahá'u'lláh, in particular, 'Abdu'l-Bahá as the "Centre of the Covenant" and as such, the successor, the interpreter and the exemplar of the Bahá'í Faith. Bahá'u'lláh's Covenant also provided for the extension of this covenant to the Guardian and to the Universal House of Justice. |
Day of the Covenant; Firsts, other; Covenant; Holy days; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Birth of; Bahá'u'lláh, Ascension of; Chicago, IL; USA | First celebration of Day of the Covenant in North America. First Holy Day celebrated in North America. | ||||||||||||||||||
1901 26 Dec | Agnes Alexander arrived back in Hawaii, the first Bahá'í to set foot in the islands. [BFA2:159–60] | Agnes Alexander; Hawaii, USA | First Bahá'í to set foot in Hawaii | ||||||||||||||||||
Two Persians from Ischabad, 'Aqá Mírzá Mihdi Rashti and 'Aqá Mírzá Abdu-i-Baki Yazdi arrived in Shanghi. Mirza Rashti passed away in Shanghi in 1924 [Video Early history of the Bahá'í Faith in China 5min10sec] | China; Shanghai, China | ||||||||||||||||||||
1902 (In the year) | The publication of the fourth edition of The Revelation of Baha-ullah in a Sequence of Four Lessons by Isabella D. Brittingham. Bahai Publishing Society printed made a large number of printings of this book with small variations. [Collins7.587] | Isabella Brittingham; * Publications; Chicago, IL; Illinois, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 (In the year) | The house in Bandar Anzalí in which Hájí Mírzá Haydar-`Alí was staying was attacked and only the intervention of the governor saved the Bahá'ís. [BW18:385] | Hájí Mírzá Haydar-`Alí (Angel of Carmel); Bandar Anzali, Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 (In the year) | In Shíráz, Hájí Abu'l-Hasan was beaten so severely on the order of the mujtahid that he died a few months later from the effects. [BW18:385] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 (In the year) | Pilgrims from the East and the West were once again permitted to visit `Abdu'l-Bahá. [CB232] | Pilgrims; Pilgrimage; Haifa, Israel; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 (In the year) | Joseph Hannen, future Disciple of `Abdu'l-Bahá, and Pauline Hannen became Bahá'ís in Washington DC. | Joseph Hannen; - Disciples of `Abdu'l-Bahá; Pauline Hannen; Washington, DC, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 (In the year) | Bahá'í groups were established in Canada and in the Hawaiian Islands. [BBRSM:106-7; BFA2:160; SBBH1:135] | First Bahá'ís by country or area; Canada; Hawaii, USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 (In the year) | Shanghai was re-opened to the Bahá'í Faith by the arrival of two Bahá'ís from`Ishqábád, Áqá Mírzá Mihdí Rashtí and Áqá Mírzá `Abdu'l-Baqí Yazdí, who opened a branch of the Ummi'd company, an import-export firm. [PH25] | Aqa Mírzá Mihdi Rashti; Aqa Mírzá `Abdu'l-Baqi Yazdi; Shanghai, China; Ashgabat; Turkmenistan | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 (In the year) | The publication of Le Livre des Sept Preuves in Paris by A. L. M. Nicolas. It was a French translation of the Báb's Dalá'il-i-Sab'ih. [BBR39]
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* Báb, Writings of; Dalail-i-Sabih (Seven Proofs); A.L.M. Nicolas; * Translation; * Publications; Paris, France; France | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 (In the year) | An extract from a Tablet to Mr. Howard MacNutt from 'Abdu'l-Bahá refers to New York as the "City of the Covenant". [Highlights of the First 40 Years of the Bahá'í Faith in New York, City of the Covenant, 1892-1932 by Hussein Ahdieh p8] | Howard MacNutt; City of the Covenant (New York); New York, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 18 Mar | Áqá Muhammad-Zamá-i-Sabbágh and Siyyid Ja`far were executed in Isfandábád and Abarqú, Fárs. Several Bahá'ís were expelled from the town and another Bahá'í was killed. [BW18:385] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Isfandabad, Iran; Abarqu, Yazd, Iran; Fars, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 8 May | May Bolles married Sutherland Maxwell in London and moved to Montreal later in the year. [BW8:635; GPB260, BFA2:156 ] | May Maxwell (Bolles); Sutherland Maxwell; London, England; United Kingdom; Montreal, QC; Canada | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 10 May | The Chicago House of Justice (or the Board of Council) changed its name to the House of Spirituality. Membership was restricted to men. [BFA2:XV; SYH64] | House of Justice; Spiritual Assemblies; LSA; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 12 May | Mírzá Asadu'lláh-i-Isfahání left the United States. [BFA2:VI]
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Mírzá Asadullah-i-Isfahani; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 13 Jun | Thomas Breakwell died from tuberculosis in Paris. (b. 31 May, 1872 in Woking) [AB77; BBD46; SEBW70]
Thomas Breakwell died in relative obscurity, a victim of tuberculosis in a poor quarter of the city of Paris. His earthly remains now lie in the communal charnel house at the cemetery of Pantin. It was not until the summer of 1997 that a dignified but suitably modest monument to mark his resting place was finally unveiled to the world.[The Life of Thomas Breakwell by Rajwantee Lakshiman-Lepain p10-11]
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Thomas Breakwell; In Memoriam; Woking, England; United Kingdom; Paris, France; France | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 Sep c. | Kanichi Yamamoto, the first Japanese to accept the Faith, becomes a Bahá'í in Hawaii. [BFA2:160; BW13:932; SBR179]
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Kanichi Yamamoto; Hawaii, USA | First Japanese to accept the Faith | ||||||||||||||||||
1902 (In the year) | Since the assassination of the Sháh's father in 1896 the Bahá'í community in Iran had been scapegoated and the oppression was increasing. In 1902 Muzaffar al-Din Sháh and his prime minister were in Paris staying at the Elysèe Palace Hotel. 'Abdu'l-Bahá had a petition for him and Lua Getsinger was asked to deliver it. She and Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney requested an audience with the Sháh but they were refused by the prime minister. She was told that he was not receiving anyone as his son was gravely ill and likely to die. Lua asked if he would see her the following day should his son be healed and consent was granted. That night the Bahá'ís of Paris held a prayer vigil till dawn. As promised, Lua was granted access and put the petition directly in the Sháh's hand. She heard him say that he would do all that was within his power but in 1903 a savage rash of persecution broke out and, upon the advice of his prime minister, the Sháh did nothing believing that it was better to let the restless population vent rage on the Bahá'ís then on the rich and powerful foreigners who might have been victimized. The prime minister was replaced in mid-1903 and the persecutions eased. In 1907 the Sháh did intervene on behalf of the Bahá'ís. [Find a grave; LDNW18-19]
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Persecution, Iran; Lua Getsinger; Muzaffarid-Dín Sháh; - Shahs; Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney; Petitions; Paris, France; France | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 (In the year) | Lua Getsinger spent over a year in the household of 'Abdu'l-Bahá teaching English to His grandchildren. During this time she began to wear an outfit that 'Abdu'l-Bahá had designed for her. It consisted of a simple dress and coat and a hat with a a long, cloak-like veil. It was in royal blue. [LDNW20] | Lua Getsinger; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 15 Sep | Mírzá `Azízu'lláh visited Count Leo Tolstoy, and spoke to him at length about the history and teachings of the Faith and of the station of Bahá'u'lláh. [EB185; RB3:172-3]
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Mírzá Azizullah; Leo Tolstoy (author); Russia | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 10 Oct | The Behais Supply and Publishing Board incorporates as the `Bahai Publishing Society', a non-profit company. It is the first Bahá'í institution to be legally incorporated. [BFA2:XVI, 74] | Publishing Trusts; Firsts, other; USA | First Bahá'í institution to be legally incorporated | ||||||||||||||||||
1902 12 Oct | Birth of `Abdu'l-Hamíd Ishráq-Khávarí, Bahá'í scholar, author and translator, in Mashhad. | `Abdu'l-Hamid Ishraq-Khavari; Bahá'í scholars; Births and deaths; Mashhad, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 28 Nov | Construction began on the Mashriqu'l-Adhkár of `Ishqábád with the laying of its cornerstone. [BFA2:116-17; YSxvii]
Foundation Stone: Late 1902 by General Subotich, the governor-general of Turkistan who had been delegated by the Czar to represent him. Construction Period: Initial step had been undertaken during the lifetime of Bahá'u'lláh. Superstructure: 1902 – 1907. External Ornamentation: 1919 Site Dedication: No record of a dedication ceremony on completion of the building can be found although the external ornamentation was completed in 1919 it is probable that the building had been in use for some years by this time. Architects: `Abdu'l-Bahá Himself delineated the general design. More specific design was by Ustad Ali-Akbar-i-Banna and a Russian architect, Volkov, planned and executed the details of the construction under the supervision of Hájí Mírzá Muhammad-Taqí, the son of Hájí Siyyid Muhammad, the uncle of the Báb for whom Bahá'u'lláh had revealed The Kitáb-i-Íqán. [AB109] Seating: Dimensions: Cost: Dependencies: two Bahá'í schools, a travellers' hostel, a medical dispensary and Hazíratu'l-Quds Expropriation:1928 Lease period: – 1938 Seizure; the building was turned into an art gallery Earthquake: 1948 Demolition: August 1963 the Universal House of Justice announced that it had been demolished by the authorities and the site cleared. References: AB109, BW14p479-481, GPB300-301, CEBF236, EB266-268, MF126-128 |
* Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (House of Worship); * Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Quick facts; Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Ishqabad; - Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Dependencies of; - Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Design; Architecture; Architects; Foundation stones and groundbreaking; General Subotich; Krupatkin; Hájí Muhammad-Taqi Afnan (Vakilud-Dawlih); Afnan; Báb, Family of; Hájí Siyyid Muhammad; Ustad `Alí-Akbar-i-Banna; Volkov; Haziratul-Quds (Bahá'í centres); - Bahá'í inspired schools; - Basic timeline, Expanded; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); Ashgabat; Turkmenistan | |||||||||||||||||||
1902 - 1903 C. | One of the chief promoters of Mírzá Muhammad-'Ali in India was Mírzá Husayn-'Alíy-i-Jahrumí.
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Mírzá Husayn-`Alíy-i-Jahrumí; Mírzá Muhammad-`Alí; Covenant-breakers; Mumbai, India; India; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 (In the year) | The passing of Mullá Zaynu'l-'Ábidín, surnamed Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín (the Ornament of the Near Ones) in 'Akká. He is sometimes referred to as Jináb-i-Zayn (The Excellent Zayn), or Harfu'z-Zá (the Letter Z). He was born in the month of Rajab, in one of the villages of Najafábád near Isfahán to a family of Muslim clerics in May 1818. He had first heard of the Báb's claim while on pilgrimage in Karbilá in 1844 and became a believer in 1851. He met Bahá'u'lláh in Baghdád after His return from Kurdistán in 1856. He was among the believers who were exiled from Baghdád in July of 1868 and under his leadership and guidance the believers in Mosul became a model community. He was invited by Bahá'u'lláh to come to 'Akká in Sep-Oct 1885 and shortly after that Baha'u'lláh asked that the community in Mosul be abandoned. [EB274-276; MoF150-154; TN412-425] Jináb-i-Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín was well versed in Islamic jurisprudence. After the revelation of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, he was authorized to submit questions concerning the laws. The treatise, titled Questions and Answers, an appendix to the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, is a compilation he made of Bahá'u'lláh's answers to questions concerning the laws of the Most Holy Book. It took more than two decades for "Questions and Answers" to be published in Persian and much longer to be published in English and other languages. [KA9] |
Zaynul-Muqarrabin (Mulla Zaynul-Abidin); Kitáb-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book); Laws; Questions and Answers (Kitáb-i-Aqdas); Risalih-i-Sual va Javab (Questions and Answers); Ethel Rosenberg; In Memoriam; Births and deaths; - Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh; Najaf, Iranabad, Iran; Iran; Mosul, Iraq; Iraq | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 (In the year) | The Danish-American Bahá'í, Emily Olsen, translated The Hidden Words from English into Danish, the English translation having been done by Anton Haddad. It was probably the first Bahá'í text published in Danish. [SRRB15p237] | Kalimat-i-Maknunih (Hidden Words); Anton Haddad; Emily Olsen; * Translation; Denmark | the first Bahá'í text published in Danish. | ||||||||||||||||||
1903 Feb | Mírzá Badí'u'lláh, the fourth surviving son of Bahá'u'lláh, wrote to the Bahá'ís announcing his break with Muhammad-`Alí and giving his loyalty to `Abdu'l-Bahá. [AB102; GPB264]
"What deviation can be greater than breaking the Covenant of God! What deviation can be greater than interpolating and falsifying the words and verses of the Sacred Text, even as testified and declared by Badi'u'llah!" "...Ye know well what the hands of the Center of Sedition, Mirza Muhammad `Ali, and his associates have wrought. Among his doings, one of them is the corruption of the Sacred Text whereof ye are all aware, the Lord be praised, and know that it is evident, proven and confirmed by the testimony of his brother, Mirza Badi'u'llah, whose confession is written in his own handwriting, beareth his seal, is printed and spread abroad..." This reconciliation was short-lived. Badi'u'llah continued to plot unrepentantly against Abdu'l-Bahá and later, against Shoghi Effendi until his death in Israel 1950. [AB102] Again from the Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Bahá... "Gracious God! After Mirza Badi'u'llah had declared in his own handwriting that this man (Muhammad `Ali) had broken the Covenant and had proclaimed his falsification of the Holy Text, he realized that to return to the True Faith and pay allegiance to the Covenant and Testament would in no wise promote his selfish desires. He thus repented and regretted the thing he had done and attempted privily to gather in his printed confessions, plotted darkly with the Center of Sedition against me and informed him daily of all the happenings within my household. He has even taken a leading part in the mischievous deeds that have of late been committed. Praise be to God affairs recovered their former stability and the loved ones obtained peace. but ever since the day he entered again into our midst, he began afresh to sow the seeds of sore sedition. Some of his machinations and intrigues will be recorded in a separate leaflet." |
Mírzá Badiullah; Mírzá Muhammad Ali; Covenant-breakers; Forgery and interpolation; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 9 Feb | Lua Getsinger made an attempt to take a message from 'Abdu'l-Bahá to Eugénie, former Empress of France but she refused to meet her just as her husband, Napoleon III, had rejected two messages from Bahá'u'lláh. [LGHC80-81] | Lua Getsinger; Eugenie de Montijo; Napoleon III; Travel Teaching; Paris, France; France | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 Mar | Myron H. Phelps completed his work, Life and Teachings of Abbas Effendi, when in Cairo in March 1903. The book was published by The Knickerbocker Press in New York in 1903 and in London by G.P. Putnam's Sons in 1912.
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Myron Phelps; * Publications; Cairo, Egypt; Egypt | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 7 Mar | Inspired by the news of the `Ishqábád Temple project, the Chicago House of Spirituality asked `Abdu'l-Bahá for permission to construct a Mashriqu'l-Adhkár. Two days later Mirza Asadu'lláh drafted a petition to be sent to 'Abdu'l-Bahá. His reply was received in late May and three other letters were received over the next several weeks containing statements about the Temple. [BFA2:XVI, 118; BW10:179; GPB348; DH4-5] | * Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (House of Worship); Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Wilmette; Petitions; Spiritual Assemblies; Ashgabat; Turkmenistan; Wilmette, IL; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 21 Mar | The passing of Gabriel Sacy, (b. Alexandria c. 1860) a Syrian Christian who had become a Bahá'í after contacting Mírzá Ábu'l-Faḍl and others in Cairo. He was the author of Du Règne de Lieu et de l'Agneau conn sour le nom de Babysme: se trove chez l'Auteur au Caire. It was printed privately in Cairo and dated June 12, 1902. [Materials for the Study of the Bábí Religion compiled by E G Browne p185; ABF135]
Also written by him was a booklet called Proofs that was published in Arabic in Cairo in 1902. It is believed to be the first book published in Arabic about the Faith although unpublished manuscript written in Arabic were circulated in Russia and the UK prior to this time. [A posting by Rowshan Mustapha 17 February 2024 on the tk list] L'implantation de la foi baha'ie en France et impact de la venue de Abdu'l Baha à Paris au début du XXème siècle Mémoire D.E.S. de Natalia Behnam includes him among the first Bahá'ís in France. iiiii Àbdu'l-Bahá is reported to have said of him:
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Ramleh, Egypt; Cairo, Egypt; Egypt | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 May | Russian poet Isabella Grinevskaya wrote the play "Báb" which was performed in St. Petersburg in 1904 and again in 1914 and once again in 1917. It was translated into French and Tatar (and later into German by Friedrich Fiedler) and lauded by Leo Tolstoy and other reviewers at the time. It is reported to have been Tolstoy's first knowledge of the Faith.
Ms. Grinevskaya's play about the Báb was first staged in St. Petersburg in January 1904. Mr. Tolstoy read the play and wrote Ms. Grinevskaya to praise her and share his sympathy with the Baha'í teachings, according to an article by Martha Root in the 1934-1936 edition of The Bahá'í World. |
Isabella Grinevskaya; Leo Tolstoy (author); * Publications; - Drama; - Plays; * Arts and crafts; St. Petersburg, Russia; Ramleh, Egypt; Alexandria, Egypt; Egypt; Istanbul, Turkey; Turkey; Grodno, Belarus; Russia | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 03 May | Upheaval at Rasht. [BBRXXX, 373]
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Persecution, Iran; - Persecution; Rasht upheaval; Isfahan upheaval; - Upheavals; Russian consulate; Rasht, Iran; Isfahan, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 23 - 28 May | Upheaval in Isfahan: Muhammad-Javad-i-Sarraf seized was by students of Aqa Najafi and beaten severely; this caused a large number of Bahá'ís to take sanctuary in the Russian Consulate.
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Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Russian consulate; - Persecution, Mobs; Russian consulate; Isfahan, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 30 May | A letter from `Abdu'l-Bahá was received by the Chicago House of Spirituality giving His approval for the building of a Mashriqu'l-Adhkár in North America. [BFA2:119] | Spiritual Assemblies; Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Wilmette; * Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (House of Worship); Petitions; Wilmette, IL; Chicago, IL; USA | First Tablet approving building Mashriqu'l-Adhkár in North America | ||||||||||||||||||
1903 7 Jun | Eight days after `Abdu'l-Bahá's first Tablet arrived, a second Tablet arrived from Him approving the Mashriqu'l-Adhkár project. [BW10:179; CT41; GPB262, 349; MBW142] | Spiritual Assemblies; Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Wilmette; * Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (House of Worship); Petitions; Wilmette, IL; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 8 Jun | Bahá'ís in Maláyir, Hamadán, are attacked, beaten and imprisoned. Two are killed. [BW18:385] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Arrests; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Maláyir, Iran; Hamadán, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 Jun-Jul | The Yazd Upheaval and in surrounding villages. [BBRXXX]
See BW18p385 for a chronicle of events by Moojan Momen:
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Yazd upheaval; - Upheavals; Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; - Zoroastrianism; Yazd, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 20 Jul | `Abdu'l-Bahá commissioned the second restoration of the House of the Báb in Shíráz under the supervision of Áqá Mírzá Áqá, an Afnán and a nephew of `Abdu'l-Bahá. He had closed his business affairs in Egypt and moved his entire family to Shiraz to handle the project. Having been raised in the House Áqá Mírzá Áqá was the only living person who remembered the details of the house as it had been before the first major renovation. [AB108; EB236; GPB300; MBBA154, 176-177]
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Báb, House of (Shiraz); Restoration; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); Aqa Mírzá Aqay-i-Afnan (Nurud-Din); Afnan; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 Sep | At the request of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Hájí Mírzá Hadar-'Alí wrote Bahá'í Martyrdoms in Persia in the Year 1903 AD. | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Hájí Mírzá Haydar-`Alí (Angel of Carmel); * `Abdu'l-Bahá, Writings and talks of; Yazd upheaval; Yazd, Iran; Isfahan, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1903 Dec | Lua Getsinger made a second petition to the Sháh. It was presented through usual official channels. For several year following the presentation of these petitions there was a remarkable cessation of persecutions. [LGHC64-67]
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Persecution, Iran; Lua Getsinger; Muzaffarid-Dín Sháh; - Shahs; Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney; Petitions; Mariam Haney; Tehran, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1904 (In the year) | The publication of Bahá'í Martyrdoms in Persia in the Year 1903 AD by Hájí Mírzá Haydar-Alí Isfaháni* and translated by Youness Afroukhteh. A second edition was published in 1917. [Collins 7.1147-7.1149]
When the persecutions throughout Iran were at their peak, in midsummer of 1903, 'Abdu'l-Bahá wrote a proclamatory treatise outlining events leading to these pogroms, the motives and actions of the principle persecutors, and the intense sufferings of the Bahá'í community. In retrospect, it appears that 'Abdu'l-Bahá intended this treatise to be published in the West, galvanizing the support of prominent individuals, Bahá'í communities of the United States and Europe in general, and, the public at large. Towards this end, he instructed one of his secretaries, Dr. Younis Khan Afroukhtih, to translate this treatise, which presumably was done in collaboration with some English-speaking Bahá'ís visiting 'Akká at the time. This work was further assisted by an English-speaking pilgrim of Jewish-descent from Hamadan, Dr. Arastoo Hakim, and was completed on 19 September 1903. *The translated treatise was then sent to the United States It was received in Chicago on 29 October 1903 and its publication took place through the work of Bahá'í Publishing Society in 1904. However, for reasons not clear, it was published as a document prepared by Hájí Mírzá Haydar-'Alí, a prominent Bahá'í residing in Haifa at that time. In this reference can be found a 2007 translation by Ahang Rabbani [Bahá'í Studies Review Vol 14 2007 p53-67] |
Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Hájí Mírzá Haydar-`Alí (Angel of Carmel); * `Abdu'l-Bahá, Writings and talks of; * Publications; Yazd upheaval; Yazd, Iran; Isfahan, Iran; Rasht, Iran; Ardakan, Iran; Taft, Iran; Manshad, Iran; Dih-Bala, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1904 (In the year) | The publication of The Book of Ighan (Kitáb-i-Íqán) by George V. Blackburne Co in New York. It had been translated by Ali Kuli Khan with assistance by Howard McNutt. This was the earliest translation into English of this book and was superseded by the publication of the translation by Shoghi Effendi. [Collins1.12]
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Kitáb-i-Íqán (Book of Certitude); `Alí Kulí Khán; Howard MacNutt; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1904 (In the year) | A compilation of Bahá'í writings in English was published by the Board of Counsel of New York. [BW10:179]
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- Compilations; * Publications; New York, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1904 c. | The birth of Zikrullah Khadem, Hand of the Cause of God, in Tihrán. [ZK3] | Zikrullah Khadem; Births and deaths; Tehran, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1904 (In the year) | At this point there were separate Spiritual Assemblies for the Jewish and Zoroastrian Bahá'ís in Hamadán and Tihrán. [BBRSM:151; CB371; CT33]
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Local Spiritual Assembly; Hamadán, Iran; Tehran, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1904 (In the year) | Mahd-i-`Ulyá (Fátimih Khánum), the second wife of Bahá'u'lláh, died. She and all her four surviving children had been declared Covenant-breakers. [CB117] | Mahd-i-Ulya (Fatimih Khanum); Covenant-breakers; Haifa, Israel; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1904 (In the year) | Through the year the Covenant-breakers plotted until the friendly governor of `Akká was replaced by one hostile to `Abdu'l-Bahá. Mírzá Muhammad-`Alí stirred up opposition in certain elements of the population. [AB111; CB232]
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Mírzá Muhammad Ali; Covenant-breakers; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Commission of inquiry; Sultán `Abdu'l-Hamid; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); `Abdu'l-Bahá, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Haifa, Israel; Akka, Israel; Istanbul, Turkey; Turkey | |||||||||||||||||||
1904 (In the year) | Laura Clifford Barney made a number of extended visits to `Akká during this period. She brought with her questions to ask `Abdu'l-Bahá and she compiled His responses. These answers were approved by Him and published in the book Some Answered Questions. [AB81–2; BFA2:238]
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Laura Clifford Barney; Some Answered Questions (book); `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); `Abdu'l-Bahá, Basic timeline; * `Abdu'l-Bahá, Writings and talks of; - Philosophy; Youness Afroukhteh (Yunis Afrukhtih); - Basic timeline, Expanded; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
15 Apr - Jun | "Due to conflicting interpretations of the Teachings" a commission was appointed to "formulate a plan for the development of unanimity in work and effort for spreading the Bahá'í teachings." The report gave the "Outlines of the Bahá'í Teachings" and "Basic Concepts of the Bahá'í Revelation." [Highlights of the First 40 Years of the Bahá'í Faith in New York, City of the Covenant, 1892-1932 by Hussein Ahdieh p9] | Teaching; New York, USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1904 28 Oct | Ali Kuli Khan married Florence Breed, the first marriage between a Persian and a Western Bahá'í. [BFA2:147]
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`Alí Kulí Khán; Florence Breed; Firsts, other; Interracial marriage; Weddings; Hearst family; Phoebe Hearst; USA | First marriage between a Persian and a Western Bahá'í | ||||||||||||||||||
1904 29 Nov | Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl departed from the United States after a four year stay. He spent most of that time in the Washington, DC area. [BFA2:XVI. ASK20] | Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl Gulpaygani; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1904 1 Dec | Sydney Sprague arrived in Bombay, India. [BFA2:XVI]
This story is also available in Andalib magazine, year 7, no 25 and can be found in YBIB55-60. |
Sydney Sprague; Travel Teaching; Firsts, other; Mumbai, India; India; - Asia | First American travelling teacher in Asia; the first eastern Bahá’í to have sacrificed his life for his western brother. | ||||||||||||||||||
1905 (In the year) | Agnes Alexander arrived in Alaska, the first Bahá'í travelling teacher to visit the territory. [BBRSM:107] | Agnes Alexander; Alaska, USA; USA | First Bahá'í travelling teacher to visit Alaska | ||||||||||||||||||
1905 (In the year) | The first publication of The Seven Valleys in the West. It was translated from Persian into French by Hippolyte Dreyfus and Chirazi and was bound with The Hidden Words (Les Paroles cachées). This French translation was further translated into English by Julie Chanler in 1933 (or 1936), accounts differ. [About the Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys; Collins1.112] | Haft Vadi (Seven Valleys); * Bahá'u'lláh, Writings of; * Translation; * Publications; Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney; France; USA | first publication of the Seven Valleys in the West. | ||||||||||||||||||
1905 (In the year) | A second Commission of Inquiry, under the chairmanship of `Árif Bey, arrived in `Akká further to investigate the charges laid against `Abdu'l-Bahá. [AB117–25; BBR320 3; CB234–7; GPB269–71]
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`Abdu'l-Bahá, Commission of inquiry; Sultán `Abdu'l-Hamid; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); `Abdu'l-Bahá, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Haifa, Israel; Akka, Israel; Istanbul, Turkey; Turkey | |||||||||||||||||||
1905 (In the year) | The passing of Ahmad (of "Tablet of Ahmad" fame) in Tehran at the age of 100. He was born in Yazd in 1805. [A Flame of Fire by Abu'l-Qasim Faizi] | Lawh-i-Ahmad (Tablet of Ahmad (Arabic)); Ahmad of Yazd; In Memoriam; Births and deaths; Tehran, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1905 (In the year) | A.L.M. Nicolas published his book Seyyed Ali dit le Bab.
It was the first work by a western author dedicated entirely to the Báb, His movement and His teachings. (Conflict: See 1865)
It is "(a) history of the Bábí movement up to 1852. Nicolas gives a list of sources for this book on pp. 48-53. It is interesting to note that among his oral sources are four of the leading Bahá'ís of that period, who had been designated by Bahá'u'lláh as 'Hands of the Cause': Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad, 'Ibn-i-Asdaq: Mullá 'Al-Akbar-i-Sháhmírzádí, Hají Akhund; Mírzá Muhammad-Táqíy-i-Abharí, 'Ibn-i-Abhar; and Mírzá Hasan-i-Adíb. The other two oral sources named are Siyyid 'Ismu'lláh, who was presumably Siyyid Mihdíy-i-Dihají, and Mírzá Yahyá, Subh-i-Azál." [BBR38-39]
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* Báb, Writings of; A.L.M. Nicolas; Criticism and apologetics; William McElwee Miller; Bábísm; - First publications; * Publications; Paris, France; France | The first work by a western author dedicated entirely to the Báb | ||||||||||||||||||
1905 (or 1904) | A Bahá'í group was established in Germany soon after the arrival of the first Bahá'í in the country, Dr. Edwin Fischer, in Stuttgart. He was dentist and a returned emigrant to the United States. German-born Alma Knobloch also became a Bahá'í in the United States 1903, before Fischer, arrived in Germany in 1907. [BBRSM:107, 219; BWNS390]
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Edwin Fischer; Alma Knobloch; First Bahá'ís by country or area; Stuttgart, Germany; Germany | first German Baha'i | ||||||||||||||||||
1905 (In the year) | The publication of Le Beyan Arabe in Paris by A. L. M. Nicolas. It was a French translation of the Arabic Bayán. [BBR39]
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* Báb, Writings of; Bayan-i-Arabi (Arabic Bayan); A.L.M. Nicolas; * Translation; * Publications; Paris, France; France | |||||||||||||||||||
1905 (In the year) | Muhammad-'Alí sent his eldest son Shu'á'u'lláh to North America as his representative. It would appear that he did not work with Kheiralla but rather aligned himself with the group of Behaists in Kenosha. [BFA1p180; GPB319]
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Covenant-breakers; Muhammad-`Alí; Shuaullah; Kenosha, WI | |||||||||||||||||||
1905 (In the year) | A Bahá'í group was established in Germany. [BBRSM219] | Statistics; Germany | first Bahá'í group was established in Germany. | ||||||||||||||||||
1905 (In the year) | The publication of The New Revelation: Its Marvelous Message by Nathan Ward Fitz-Gerald.288p
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Nathan Ward Fitz-Gerald; * Publications; Tacoma, WA; Washington, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1905 (In the year or later) | Following the dispatch of his eldest son Shu'áu'lláh to North America, Muhammad-'Ali sent Mírzá Ghulámu'lláh, son of Áqá Muhammad-Javád-i-Qazvíní, one of the most inveterate adversaries of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Enroute he Ghlámu'lláh visited Professor E G Browne at Cambridge. [AB86]
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Covenant-breakers; Shuaullah; Muhammad Ali; Ghulamullah; Aqa Muhammad Javiad Qazyini; Cambridge, England; United Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||
1905 c. 30 Mar | Hájí Kalb-`Alí was shot and killed in Najafábád. [BW18:386] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Najaf, Iranabad, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1905 29 Apr | Birth of `Alí-Akbar Furútan, Hand of the Cause of God, in Sabzivár, Khurásán. | `Alí-Akbar Furútan; - Hands of the Cause; Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths; Births and deaths; Sabzevár, Iran; Khurásán, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
23 May or 2 Jun | A Nineteen Day Feast was celebrated in New York City, the first known to have been held in North America. [BFA2:XVI, 245]
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Nineteen Day Feast; Howard MacNutt; Mary MacNutt; Julia Grundy; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); Pilgrims; New York, USA; USA | First Nineteen Day Feast celebrated in West | ||||||||||||||||||
1905 4 Jul | 'Abdu'l-Bahá had been promising visiting pilgrims that He would visit America when the friends became united. A petition was sent to 'Abdu'l-Bahá signed by 422 of the American believers...
They had covenanted together, so they wrote, to remain at one in all things, and the signatories one and all had pledged themselves to make sacrifices in the pathway of the love of God, thus to achieve eternal life.[SWABp243] |
Petition | |||||||||||||||||||
1905 5 Sep | The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904–05 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905,[1] after negotiations from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, United States.[2] U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in the negotiations and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. Were it not for US diplomacy and the military restraint displayed by the other European nations, the Russo-Japanese war might have become the first world war. [Wikipedia]
|
Portsmouth Peace Treaty; Theodore Roosevelt; Peace; War; History (general); Peace treaties; Kittery, ME; New Hampshire, USA; USA; Russia; Japan | |||||||||||||||||||
1905 - 1911 | The `Constitutional Revolution' took place in Iran. [BBRSM:87, 219]
|
Constitutional Revolution; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1906 c. | Birth of `Abu'l-Qásim Faizí, Hand of the Cause of God, in Qum. | Abu'l-Qasim Faizi; - Hands of the Cause; Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths; Births and deaths; Qom, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1906 (In the year) | The first translation of The Seven Valleys into English was done Ali Kuli Khan and reprinted frequently by the Bahá'í Publishing Committee. A revised translation done by him and his daughter, Marzieh Gail, in 1945. An introduction was added in 1952. [Collins1.114; About the Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys; RG48]
|
* Bahá'u'lláh, Writings of; Haft Vadi (Seven Valleys); `Alí Kulí Khán; Marzieh Gail; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1906 (In the year) | The first Bahá'í of Hungarian origin, Countess Aurelia Bethien, declares her faith in the USA. [http://www.bahai.hu] | First Bahá'ís by country or area; Hungary; USA | First Hungarian Bahá'í | ||||||||||||||||||
1906 Mar | Mrs Whyte, the wife of a well-known Scottish clergyman, made a pilgrimage to `Akká with Mary Virginia Thornburgh-Cropper. In answer to a letter that Mrs Whyte left for `Abdu'l-Bahá upon their departure, He revealed the Tablet the `Seven Candles of Unity'. [AB361–2, SCU4554]
|
Seven Candles of Unity; Unity; * `Abdu'l-Bahá, Writings and talks of; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); `Abdu'l-Bahá, Basic timeline; Jane Whyte; Mary Virginia Thornburgh-Cropper; Pilgrims; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1906 summer | Bahá'ís in Sangsar, Khurásán, were persecuted such that they took refuge in the hills. [BW18:386] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution; Sangesar, Iran; Khurásán, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1906 summer/autumn | Hippolyte Dreyfus, Marianne Jerard and Laura Barney visited Russian Turkistan and Iran, specifically Tabriz, Máh-Kú ,and Ishqabad. While in Iran, they witnessed the disturbances associated with the constitutional revolution, which had reached its climax that summer. [BFA2:XVI]
|
Marianne Jerard; Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney; Laura Clifford Barney; Firsts, other; Iran | First Western Bahá'ís to visit Iran | ||||||||||||||||||
1906 5 Aug | After an almost bloodless revolution Muzaffari'd-Din Sháh was forced to sign a royal decree called the "Golestān Palace Agreement" promising the establishment of a constitutional government with a National Assembly to be elected from amount the working guilds, landowners merchants and the nobles. The parliament was opened on the 7th of October and the constitution signed on the 30th of December. This marked the beginning of a period of constitutional governance in the country. [AY p24; Colonialism, Nationalism and Jewish Immigration to Palestine: Abdu´l-Bahá's Viewpoints Regarding the Middle East1 by Kamran Ekbal p6] | Iran, General history; History (general); Muzaffarid-Dín Sháh; - Shahs; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1906 Oct-Nov | Several Bahá'ís in Sangsar and Shahmírzád were killed or injured by bullets; six Bahá'ís were arrested. [BW18:386] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Arrests; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Sangesar, Iran; Shahmirzad, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1906 10 Nov | Harlan Ober and Hooper Harris sailed from Hoboken, New Jersey for Naples and 'Akká on their teaching trip to India at the behest of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. (Tablet 12 March, 1906) Dr. William Moore, brother of Lua Getsinger, had been chosen to accompany Hooper Harris but he died unexpectedly. Harlan did not have the means for such a trip but Lua Getsinger loaned him the necessary funds. [BW13p868]
|
Harlan Ober; Hooper Harris; Travel Teaching; Hoboken, NJ; New Jersey, USA; India; Pakistan; Myanmar; Mumbai, India; Pune, India; Kolkata, India; Lahore, India; Yangon, Myanmar; Mandalay, Myanmar | |||||||||||||||||||
1906 29 Nov | The publication of Compilation of Utterances from the Pen of Abdul-Baha Regarding His Station. 19p. The compilation was prepared in response to "different opinions and statements" regarding the station of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. It was prefaced by a letter from Mirza Assad'ullah. M. Ahmad Esphahani, credited as translator, is actually Mirza Ahmad Sohrab; this was before he adopted that last name for himself. The document does not state if it was compiled by Assad'ullah as well, but it seems likely from the cover letter. Similarly, it is not stated if the entire collection was translated by Sohrab or just the cover letter. [Collins3.35] | * `Abdu'l-Bahá, Writings and talks of | |||||||||||||||||||
1906 30 Dec | The Constitution of Iran was re-established. The Bahá'ís were not included among the recognized religions. [BBR354; B114; CB57; GPB298]
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Constitutions (general); Iranian constitution; Human Rights; Prophecies; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 (In the year) | `Abdu'l-Bahá started to move His family to the house that He had designed and built in the German colony at the foot of Mount Carmel in Haifa. [BBD107; DH145]
|
`Abdu'l-Bahá, House of; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); Laura Clifford Barney; Purchases and exchanges; Architecture; - Bahá'í World Centre buildings, monuments and gardens; - Bahá'í World Centre; Haifa, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 (In the year) | Six rooms of the Shrine of the Báb were completed. [GBF103]
|
Báb, Shrine of; Mulla Abu-Talib; Ahmadpúr family; Haifa, Israel; Bandar Anzali, Iran; Azerbaijan | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 (In the year) | Lady Blomfield and her daughter Mary learned of the Faith at a reception in Paris. [CH1–2; ER95; SBR22; SEBW101, SCU17]
|
Lady Blomfield (Sara Lousia Ryan, Sara Blomfield, Sitarih Khanum); Mary Basil Hall (Mary Esther Blomfield, Parvine Khanum); Paris, France; France | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 (In the year) | It was estimated that there were from 1,000 to 1,100 believers in North America by this date, with about 12 believers in Montreal and six Bahá'ís in other localities in Canada. [BFA2:230] | Statistics; USA; Montreal, QC; Canada | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 (In the year) | Hájar, an elderly Bahá'í woman, was shot dead in Nayríz. [BW18:386] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Nayriz, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 (In the year) | Pritam Singh, an Assistant Master of Economics at Chiefs College in Lahore, accepted the Faith, the first Sikh to do so. [BFA2:269] | Pritam Singh; - Sikhism; First believers by background; Lahore, India; Pakistan | First Sikh to accept Faith | ||||||||||||||||||
1907 (In the year) | The first Bahá'í fund (Šerkat-e ḵayrīya) was established in Tehran to financially support Bahá'í teachers, facilitate the education of Bahá'í children, provide sufficient care of Bahá'í orphans, the aged and handicapped, and be of assistance to students of higher education. [BAHAISM v. The Bahai Community in Iran by V. Rafati] | Funds; Tehran, Iran; Iran | first Baha'i fund to support education and support of children | ||||||||||||||||||
1907 (In the year) | The publication of A Call of Attention to the Behaists or Babists of America by August J Stenstrand. He was a member of the "Society of Behaists" founded by Ibrahim Kheiralla, and was voted out of that group in 1906 and became the only self-professed Azali in America. He published at least five of these booklets from 1907 to 1917. [Collinsp294, 12.125-12.127a] | August Stenstrand; Ibrahim George Kheiralla; Chicago, IL; * Publications; Covenant-breakers | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 (In the year) | The publication of Tablets Containing Instructions 19p. It was translated by Ahmad Sohrab and Ali-Kuli Khan and was published in Washington by the Bahai Assembly. Described by 'Abdu'l-Bahá as a few Tablets revealed for believers in Persia; if they are translated and spread in the West it will not be without effect ... Print them and circulate them amongst the believers in all those parts. (paraphrased from intro) [Collins3.147] | * `Abdu'l-Bahá, Writings and talks of; Washington, DC, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 (In the year) | Alma Knobloch, the sister of Pauline Hannen, settled in Stuttgart. [SYH13; BW9p642] | Alma Knobloch; Stuttgart, Germany; Germany | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 (In the Year) | Edward 'Saffa" Kinney and his wife Carrie "Vaffa" were in pilgrimage during this year. 'Abdu'l-Bahá later described them as being "Pillars of th Faith in the City of the Covenant" for their steadfastness in the Cause. [SYH45] | Pilgrimage; Edward Kinney; Carrie Kinney; - Bahá'í World Centre | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 8 Jan | The death of Muzaffari'd-Dín Sháh just a few days after he had signed the constitution. [BBR354, 482] | Muzaffarid-Dín Sháh; - Shahs; Qajar dynasty; Births and deaths; Iran, General history; History (general); Constitutions (general); Iranian constitution; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 19 Jan | The accession of Muhammad-`Alí Sháh to the throne of Iran. He reigned until 1909. He attempted to rescind the constitution and abolish parliamentary government. After several disputes with the members of the Majlis in June, 1908 he bombed the Majlis building, arrested many of the deputies and closed down the assembly. In July 1909 constitutional forces deposed him and he went into exile in Russia from where he attempted to regain his throne. [BBR354, 482, AY218]
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Muhammad-`Alí Sháh; - Shahs; - Shahs, Throne changes; Qajar dynasty; History (general); Iran, General history; - Persecution; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 25 Feb | Corinne True travelled to `Akká to present `Abdu'l-Bahá with a scroll with the signatures of 800 (or 1,000) names of Bahá'ís calling for construction to start on the American House of Worship. [CT51–3]
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Corinne True; Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Wilmette; * Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (House of Worship); Petition; Akka, Israel; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 spring | A census of religions in the United States counted 1280 Bahá'ís. [BFA2:XVI] | Statistics; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 31 Mar | The Bahá'í calendar was used in North America for the first time. BFA2:247–8] | - Badi calendar; Firsts, other; North America; USA | First time Bahá'í calendar used in North America | ||||||||||||||||||
1907 Easter | Having obtained 'Abdu'l-Bahá's permission to publish in 1906, Laura Barney travelled to Paris to work on Some Answered Question by Easter Ethel Rosenberg come from London had settled into the same hotel and the collaboration began. [AB82; EJR85] | Some Answered Questions (book); Ethel Rosenberg; Laura Clifford Barney; Paris, France | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 Apr | Roy Wilhelm, accompanied by his mother, went on a pilgrimage to attain the presence of 'Abdu'l-Bahá at 'Akka in the Holy Land. The words of welcome uttered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá, as translated into English, were written down by Mr. Wilhelm immediately afterward and quoted in a letter written to his fellow Bahá'í teacher, Mrs. Mariam Haney: "Welcome! Very welcome! I have been waiting for your coming. It is with God's help that you have reached 'Akka . . . You represent all the American believers . . . Thank God that you came." [Roy Wilhelm] | Roy C. Wilhelm; Pilgrimage; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 25 Apr | Karbalá'í Sádiq was martyred in Tabríz. [BW18:386] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Tabríz, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 summer | The first Universal Congress of Esperanto was held in Boulogne. [BW2:270] | World Esperanto Congress; Boulogne, France | First Universal Congress of Esperanto | ||||||||||||||||||
1907 15 Jun – 18 Oct | The Second Peace Conference in The Hague was attended by the representatives of 44 states. Again the proposal for the limitation of armaments was not accepted. The conference did, however, adopt several conventions relating to comportment of nations in time of war. It was resolved to hold another conference in eight years and although the conference scheduled for 1915 failed to meet because of the outbreak of World War I, the conference idea strongly influenced the creation of the more highly organized League of Nations after the war. [Encyclopaedia Britannica] | - International peace conferences; League of Nations; Central Organization for a Durable Peace; Peace; The Hague, Netherlands; Netherlands | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 19 Jul | The Chicago `Bahai Assembly' filed an affidavit of incorporation, the first Bahá'í community to acquire legal status. [BFA2:278]
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Spiritual Assemblies; Local Spiritual Assembly; Incorporation; Recognition (legal); Firsts, other; Chicago, IL; USA | First Bahá'í community to acquire legal status | ||||||||||||||||||
1907 31 Aug | Anglo-Russian Convention relating to Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet, was signed in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The convention brought shaky British–Russian relations to the forefront by solidifying boundaries that identified respective control in the three countries. It delineated spheres of influence in Persia, stipulated that neither country would interfere in Tibet's internal affairs, and recognized Britain's influence over Afghanistan. [AY p47-48; Colonialism, Nationalism and Jewish Immigration to Palestine: Abdu´l-Bahá's Viewpoints Regarding the Middle East by Kamran Ekbal p6] | Iran, General history; History (general); Colonialism and imperialism; St. Petersburg, Russia; Russia; Iran; Afghanistan; Tibet | |||||||||||||||||||
1907 26 Nov | The first national Bahá'í conference was held in America. [BFA2:XVI; BW10:179]
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- Conferences; Conferences, Bahá'í; - Conferences, National; Spiritual Assemblies; Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Wilmette; * Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (House of Worship); - First conferences; Chicago, IL; USA | First national Bahá'í conference; first Baha'i convention | ||||||||||||||||||
1908 (In the year) | `Abdu'l-Bahá's house in Haifa was completed. [BBD 107] | `Abdu'l-Bahá, House of; Haifa, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 (In the year) | `Alí Ádharí was martyred in Kirmán. [BW18:386] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Kirman, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 (In the year) | The publication of Daily Lessons Received at Acca January, 1908 by Helen S Goodall and Ella Goodall Cooper. Published by the Bahai Publishing Society in Chicago. | Daily Lessons Received at Acca January, 1908; Helen Goodall; Ella Goodall Cooper; Chicago, IL | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 (In the year) | Marion Jack was in 'Akká and taught 'Abdu'l-Bahá's children. [FMH45] | Marion Jack; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 (In the year) | The outer structure of the House of Worship in `Ishqábád was completed and the dome was in place. [AB110, EB267]
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Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Ishqabad; * Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (House of Worship); Ashgabat; Turkmenistan | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 Mar | The book Some Answered Questions; Collected and Translated from the Persian of Abdu'l-Baha was published simultaneously in Great Britain in English (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co in London) and was translated into French by Hippolyte Dreyfus under the title Les Leçons de Saint Jean-d'Acre (Ernest Leroux in Paris) and the Persian edition (Al-Núru'l-Abhá fi Mufavi∂áti-'Abdu'l-Bahá)(The Light of Bahá Shining in Discourse with 'Abdu'l-Bahá and had the sub-title Talks During Luncheon ( E.J. Brill in Holland). [AB82; BBD212–13; BFA2:238; ABF8; M9YA 314-219, 340-345; LB108-117]
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Some Answered Questions (book); Pilgrims notes; * Publications; * Translation; - Authenticity; House of `Abdu'lláh Páshá; Youness Afroukhteh (Yunis Afrukhtih); Laura Clifford Barney; Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl; Ethel Rosenberg; Mírzá Munir; USA; United Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 9 Apr | Two building plots for the future House of Worship were purchased in Wilmette for the sum of $2000. By 1909 they had purchase 12 more building plots. [BFA2:XVI; BW10:179, GPB262; SYH66] | Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Wilmette; Purchases and exchanges; * Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (House of Worship); Wilmette, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 25 Apr | Charles Mason Remey and Sydney Sprague sailed from New York for Iran and Russia. [BFA2:289]
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Charles Mason Remey; Sydney Sprague; Tahirih Khanum; Isabella Brittingham; New York, USA; USA; Tehran, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 23 Jun | Muhammad-`Alí Sháh undertook a successful coup d'état in Iran and abolished the Constitution. [BBR369]
During a tense period of political struggle, a bomb was thrown into the Iranian Majlis (parliament) while it was in session. The explosion caused damage to the building and injured several parliamentarians, but there were no fatalities. The identity of the individual or group responsible remains a subject of historical debate. Some believe it was an attempt to disrupt the growing influence of the constitutionalists and the Majlis, while others suspect foreign interference. The event had significant political repercussions. It galvanized public opinion and further fuelled the demand for constitutional government and the rule of law. [Wikipedia] |
Muhammad-`Alí Sháh; - Shahs; - Shahs, Throne changes; Qajar dynasty; Iranian constitution; Constitutions (general); History (general); Iran, General history; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 23 Jul | The Young Turks issued a declaration demanding the restoration of the old constitution of Midhat Páshá and threatening the overthrow of the government. [AB123] | Young Turks; History (general); Midhat Páshá; Istanbul, Turkey; Turkey | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 24 Jul | In Constantinople, a bomb intended for Sultán 'Abdu'l-Hamíd as he returned from the mosque on Friday, killed and injured a number of people. This event prompted the authorities to recall all the members of the Commission who were gathering evidence against 'Abdu'l-Bahá at the time. Some months later the "Young Turk" revolutionaries demanded the release of all political and religious prisoners. 'Abdu'l-Bahá was free by in September. [AB123; BBD4; BBRXXX; CB237; DH71; GPB272]
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`Abdu'l-Bahá, Commission of inquiry; Sultán `Abdu'l-Hamid; Young Turks; History (general); `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); `Abdu'l-Bahá, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Istanbul, Turkey; Turkey | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 30 Aug | A "Feast of Rejoicing" was held at the home of Howard MacNutt at 935 Eastern Parkway in Brooklyn to celebrate the "freedom of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. It had been forty years since the exiles had been sent to Akka. [Bahá'í Bulletin Vol 1 No 1 p6; WMSH58-59] | `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); Howard MacNutt; New York, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 31 Aug | "When the tyrannous regime of Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid ended, the gates of 'Akká were thrown open and 'Abdu'l-Bahá came forth free upon the fortieth anniversary of His entrance into that neglected and unspeakable place. This was August 31, 1908." [BW2p222; PUP Intro to the 1922 edition page xix]
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`Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); Universal House of Justice, Election of; Haifa, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 Sep |
The Bahá'í Bulletin was succeeded a year later by the Bahá'í News which subsequently became Star of the West a year after that. [BWNS1289] See 1910 21 March |
Bahá'í Bulletin; Bahá'í News; - Periodicals; - First publications; * Publications; Bahá'í World News Service (BWNS); New York, USA; USA | Believed to be the first English-language Baha'i news publication. [BWNS1289] | ||||||||||||||||||
1908 7 Sep | The birth of Hasan Muvaqqar Balyuzi, Hand of the Cause of God. [SBBR5:XI] | Hasan Balyuzi; - Hands of the Cause; Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths; Births and deaths | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 30 Sep | The passing of Amalie Knobloch (b.Böblitz Germany 11 May 1858 d. 30 September 1908 in Washington, DC) She was buried in Prospect Hill Cemetery in Washington. She was the mother of Fanny Knobloch (1859-1949), Alma Knobloch (1865-1943) and Pauline Knobloch Hannen (1874-1939). [ASK5-6, 7]
Janet Ruhe-Schoenin in Champions of Oneness: Louis Gregory and His Shining Circle p77, noted that 'Abdu'l-Bahá recognized race amity matriarch Mrs. Amalie Knobloch and revealed a Tablet to be read when visiting her grave:
O, thou divine, beloved Maid-Servant! Although thou didst disappear from the mortal eyes, yet thou didst train and educate thy daughters, each of whom has arisen to serve the Kingdom like unto thee and is engaged in the guidance of the souls. In the Assembly of wisdom they are the lighted candles; they sacrifice their lives in the Path of God; they are gardening in thy orchard and irrigating thy rose-garden. Happy is thy condition, for thou art enjoying Eternal Life in the Kingdom of Everlasting Glory and hast left in this world kind and loving Remembrances. Happy are those souls who visit thy luminous resting-place and through thy commemoration receive and acquire spiritual Powers! See Aflame with Devotion Chapter 9, "Loss of a Matriarch" pp99-109 for moving description of the passing a believer that was so beloved of Àbdu'l-Bahá. |
In Memoriam; Amalie Knobloch; Böblitz, Germany; Germany; Washington, DC, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1908 Sep | The Bahá'í Publishing Society was founded in Chicago. [BW10:179] | Bahá'í Publishing Society; Publishing Trusts; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 (In the year) | Karl Kruttner, a professor in Bohemia, became a Bahá'í, the first person to do so in the Austro-Hungarian empire. [Bahaipedia 1909] | Karl Kruttner; First Bahá'ís by country or area; Bohemia, Czech Republic; Germany | The first person to become a Bahá'í in the Austro-Hungarian empire.. | ||||||||||||||||||
1909 (In the year) | Sutherland Maxwell, Hand of the Cause of God, became a Bahá'í. [BFA2:156]
In the same year he was married to May Bolles. [WMSH16-17] |
Sutherland Maxwell; - Hands of the Cause; Montreal, QC; Quebec, Canada; Canada | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 (In the year) | The passing of Robert Turner (b. 15 October, 1855 or 1856, Virginia d. 1909 California)
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Robert Turner; - Disciples of `Abdu'l-Bahá; Firsts, other; Phoebe Hearst; In Memoriam; Births and deaths; Virginia, USA; California, USA; USA | the first African-American Baha'i | ||||||||||||||||||
1909 (In the year) | Juliet Thompson made a pilgrimage to 'Akka and met with 'Abdu'l-Bahá., [ABF19] | Juliet Thompson; Pilgrims; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 (In the year) | The publication of Observations of a Bahai Traveller 1908 by Charles Mason Remey. The book was a narrative of travels in 1908 among the Bahá'ís of the Holy Land, Iran and Turkestan. [Collins 7.2254] | Observations of a Bahá'í Traveller 1908; Charles Mason Remey; East Lansing, MI | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 (In the year) | The publication of A Year With the Bahá'ís of India and Burma by Sydney Sprague.
It was published by Priory Press in London. PDF1908 [Collins 7.2467]
The book was republished in 1986 by Kalimat Press. PDF1986.
|
the first visit by a Western Bahá'í to South and Southeast Asia | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 (In the year) | The Bahá'í community of Saint Paul, Minnesota began in 1909 when Dr. Clement Woolson, who became a Bahá'í in New York City in 1899, moved to Saint Paul to establish a Bahá'í community there. Both Clement and his wife Leona were osteopathic doctors and active Bahá'ís. The Woolsons held weekly Bahá'í gatherings in their home in Saint Paul. In 1912 Clement was a delegate to the 4th Bahá'í National Convention in Chicago and Leona was the alternate delegate representing the Bahá'ís of Saint Paul. At the end of the convention, on May 1st, 1912, they were able to attend the large gathering in Wilmette, Illinois when Abdu'l-Bahá laid the cornerstone for the House of Worship. On September 20th, 1912, Abdu'l-Bahá spoke in the Woolson home on spiritual education. Dr. Clement Woolson was an eloquent speaker and as a result of their firesides, others were soon declaring their faith. By 1922 there were nine Bahá'ís in Saint Paul. Among those attending the gatherings at the Woolsons were the Abas, Kadrie and Hider families. These three families from Syria moved to New York in 1902 and on to Saint Paul in 1922. First Hassen Abas attended the gatherings and soon after Alex Kadrie and Kamel Hider were attending talks at the Woolson home. By 1930 or soon after all three had become Baha'is on fire with the Cause of Baha'u'llah. These were large families; Hassen Abas and his wife Madie had nine children of their own. Their daughter Gayle Abas accepted the Baha'i Faith in 1932 at the age of 19. Three years later, after Dr. Woolson's his first wife Leona died, Gayle Abas married Clement. Dr. Woolson passed away a few months later. In 1976 Gayle Woolson wrote a biography about the Abas, Kadrie and Hider families. [A Saint Paul Bahá'í Community History: The Early Years] |
St. Paul, MN; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 (In the Year) | Martha Root became a Bahá'í. [SYH58] | Martha Root | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 Jan c. | Isabella Brittingham organized 12 Bahá'í women into a `Unity Band' to write monthly to the 12 Bahá'í women's clubs formed in Iran. [BFA2:294] | Isabella Brittingham; Women; Writing; New Jersey, USA; USA; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 Mar | The third upheaval in Nayriz. Eighteen or nineteen Bahá'ís were brutally assassinated in Nayríz when the Constitutionalists took control of the city. [BBR369; BW18:386; DH71, 138; GPB298; RB1:268] | Constitutionalists; Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Nayriz, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 21 Mar | `Abdu'l-Bahá laid the sacred remains of the Báb in their final resting place at the Shrine in Haifa. [AB126; BBD210; DH138; GBF103; GPB276]
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Báb, Shrine of; Báb, Sarcophagus for; Sarcophagus; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); Marble; Gifts; - Bahá'í World Centre buildings, monuments and gardens; - Bahá'í World Centre; - Basic timeline, Expanded; - Bahá'í World Centre; Mount Carmel; Yangon, Myanmar; Myanmar; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 21 Mar | The first printing of Volume 1 of Tablets of 'Abdu'l-Bahá by the Bahá'í Publishing Society in Chicago.
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Tablets of `Abdu'l-Bahá (book); * Publications; Laura Clifford Barney; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 21 Mar | On the same day as the interment of the sacred remains of the Báb on Mount Carmel the first American Bahá'í Convention opened in Chicago. [BFA2:XVII, 309; BW13:849; MBW142–3; SBBH1:146]
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Conventions, National; Corinne True; Bahá'í Temple Unity; Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Wilmette; First conventions; National Spiritual Assembly; * Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (House of Worship); Chicago, IL; USA; Canada | First American Bahá'í Convention | ||||||||||||||||||
1909 (Months following Mar) | Construction of the Eastern Pilgrim House in Haifa begins. [BBD178]
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Pilgrim House, Eastern; Pilgrim Houses; Mírzá Jafar Rahmani; Aqa Mírzá Jafar Shirazi; Pilgrimage; - Bahá'í World Centre buildings, monuments and gardens; - Bahá'í World Centre; Haifa, Israel | First property granted tax exemption | ||||||||||||||||||
1909 Mar–Apr | Bahá'ís of Námiq, Khurásán, were attacked and Kad-khudá Ismá'íl was killed. [BW18:386] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Námiq, Iran; Khurásán, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 22 Apr | Three Bahá'ís are killed in Hisár, Khurásán, and their wives seriously injured. [BW18:386] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Hisar, Iran; Khurásán, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 27 Apr | `Abdu'l-Hamid II was deposed. [BBR486] Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid II lived from 1842 to 1918) and reigned from 1876 to 1909. During his reign large portions of the Ottoman Empire were lost. Following his defeat in the war with Russia in 1878, Tunisia was occupied by France (1881), and Egypt was controlled by Britain (1882). In 1897, the Empire was forced by the Europeans to recognize the autonomy of Crete. The Sultán ruled as a despot, and brutally repressed the Armenians between 1894-6. In 1908, due to the lack of support among the army and the rise of the Young Turks, 'Abdu'l-Hamid was forced re-enact the Constitution of 1876 which he had suspended earlier, and which, for the first time in an Islámic state, defined the rights of both the ruler and his subjects. He was ultimately deposed when he attempted to plot a counterrevolution against the Young Turks and was exiled to Salonika, where he died in disgrace. The last Ottoman Sultán, Muhammad VI, was deposed and was succeeded briefly by a cousin, but in 1924, the caliphate was abolished by Ataturk. The seat of the Caliphate had been located in Istanbul since 1517. [ALM3; PDC98-102] |
`Abdu'l-Hamid II; - Sultans; Muhammad-Rishad VI; Armenian genocide; Caliphate; Ottoman Empire; History (general); Istanbul, Turkey; Turkey | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 Summer | Sir Ronald Storrs, then a student of Arabic of Edward Granville Browne, visited 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Akka. [BW10p192; CH226] | Ronald Storrs; Edward Granville Browne; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 16 Jul | After an armed revolt, Muhammad-`Alí Sháh abdicated and the Iranian Constitution was resurrected. [BBR354, 482; Wikipedia]
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Muhammad-`Alí Sháh; Qajar dynasty; Iranian constitution; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 18 Jul | The accession of Ahmad Sháh Qajar, the boy-king, to the throne of Iran. He was twelve years old and because of his youth a regency was established under Azudu'l-Mulk, the head of the Qájár family. Ahmad's official coronation took place on the 21st of July, 1914. His reign formerly lasted until October 1925 when he was deposed by the Majles while he was absent in Europe. He was the last of the Qajar dynasty which had begun around 1789. [BBR482; CBM57]
The period of this reign was of the so-called pénétration pacifique, the technical term used euphemistically in contemporary Western works, during which the country was subjugated by the Western Powers and lost its sovereignty as well as its natural resources. [Colonialism, Nationalism and Jewish Immigration to Palestine: Abdu´l-Bahá's Viewpoints Regarding the Middle East by Kamran Ekbal p6] |
Ahmad Shah; - Shahs; Qajar dynasty; - Shahs, Throne changes; History (general); Iran, General history; Colonialism and imperialism; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 July 23 | Louis George Gregory accepted the Bahá'í Faith after investigating since 1907 when he attended a lecture given by Lua Getsinger. Joseph and Pauline Hannen were his teachers and became friends for life. At the time of his acceptance of the Faith the Washington community was not fully integrated. [Wikipedia] | Louis G. Gregory; - Hands of the Cause; Washington, DC, USA; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 28 Jul | Bahá'ís in Námiq, Khurásán, were killed. [BW18:386] | Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Námiq, Iran; Khurásán, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 20 Aug | Birth of Paul Haney, Hand of the Cause of God, in Chicago.
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Paul Haney; - Hands of the Cause; Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths; Births and deaths; Mariam Haney; Chicago, IL; USA | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 Oct | `Abdu'l-Bahá gradually moved His family from `Akká to Haifa. [DH214] | `Abdu'l-Bahá, House of; Haifa, Israel; Akka, Israel | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 Oct | The Persian-American Educational Society was founded and inaugurated in Washington DC on the January 1910. [BFA2:XVII; 355–8; Washington Herald 9 January 1910]
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Bahá'í associations; Tarbiyat School, Tihran; - Bahá'í inspired schools; Education; Washington, DC, USA; USA; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 Nov | Charles Mason Remey and Howard Struven left the United States on the first Bahá'í teaching trip to circle the globe. [BFA2:348, GPB261]
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Charles Mason Remey; Howard Struven; Travel Teaching; Hawaii, USA; Japan; Shanghai, China; China; Singapore; Myanmar; India; Akka, Israel | First teaching trip to circle globe | ||||||||||||||||||
1909 8 Nov | Hájí Haydar, a leading Bahá'í of Najafábád, was shot and killed at Isfahán. [BBR432]
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Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Isfahan, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 25 Nov | Dr Susan Moody, a famed American homeopathist, arrived in Tihrán. She and four Persian Bahá'í doctors started the Sehat Hospital. Because the hospital was only accessible to the wealthy she established a private practice that was open to all women regardless of their ability to pay. [BFA2:359-360]
Dr Sarah Clock sailed from New York for Iran on 8 December 1910. She served the Bahá'í community of Iran with great sacrifice for years. While her main task was treatment of the sick, she never ceased educating the youth. She was an energetic tolerant and contented woman. Very often needy people were not only exempted from paying her meagre honoraria, but also received medicaments for free. She was highly respected by the Bahá'í community and non-Bahá'í alike. Finally after twelve years of devoted service, she died of pneumonia in Tehran.[OLOMp43-44] |
Susan Moody; Sehat Hospital; Sarah Clock; Elizabeth Stewart; Women; Social and economic development; Homeopathy; Names and titles; Tehran, Iran; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
1909 26 Nov | Within a year of her arrival in Persia, Dr. Susan Moody opened the Tarbíyat School for Girls in Tihrán. [BBD221–2; BFA2:360–1] Some of those serving at the school were: Susan Moody, Sydney Sprague, Lillian Kappas, Sarah Clock and Elizabeth Stewart. [GPB261] |
Tarbiyat School, Tihran; - Bahá'í inspired schools; Susan Moody; Lillian Kappes; Genevieve Coy; Adelaide Sharp; Clara Sharp; Elizabeth Stewart; Women; Social and economic development; Munirih Khanum Ayadi; Karim Ayadi; Tehran, Iran; Iran; Sydney Sprague | First Tarbíyat School for Girls | ||||||||||||||||||
1909 Dec | Charles Mason Remey and Howard Struven spoke at the first Bahá'í public meeting held in Honolulu. [BFA2:348; SBR189] | Charles Mason Remey; Howard Struven; Firsts, other; Honolulu, HI; Hawaii, USA | First public meeting in Honolulu | ||||||||||||||||||
1909 24 Dec | The constitutional revolution effectively ended when the Shah's minister oversaw the expulsion of the deputies of the Second Majis with the support of 12,000 Russian troops. [Wikipedia] | Iranian revolution; Iran, General history; Iran | |||||||||||||||||||
search Chronology try also the Chronology Canada — 190 |
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