Chronology: Date 1923-0

date	event	tags	firsts
1923 Sep	The Dawn began publishing in Burma, in Burmese, English, and Persian. [BWNS1289]	Dawn, The (newsletter); - Periodicals; - Newsletters; - First publications; * Publications; Bahá'í World News Service (BWNS); Myanmar	first Baha'i periodical in Burma
1923 Early Sep	J. E. Esslemont's Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era was published in Britain by George Allen and Unwin. [DJEE28; RG77] The American edition of the book was published by Brentano's Publilshers of New York. Dr Esslemont had been in invited to Haifa by 'Abdu'l-Bahá to discuss the book he was writing. He spent two and on-half month during the winter of 1919-1920 as a guest of 'Abdu'l-Bahá who amended and corrected four chapters. [UC45] Shoghi Effendi viewed this as a landmark in British Bahá'í history. [UD97] Over the years he encouraged its translation into dozens of languages. [RG77] See DJEE37-8 for the importance of this work. For a list of publications in various languages and formats see The Story of J. E. Esslemont and his Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era: Bibliography by Jan Jasion.	Esslemont; Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era (book); Introductory; * Publications; Translation; United Kingdom
1923 24 Jul	The Treaty of Lausanne, signed on July 24, 1923, concluded the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) and was an important international agreement that officially ended the hostilities and conflicts stemming from World War I and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. It is primarily known for recognizing the Republic of Turkey as the successor state to the Ottoman Empire and for defining the borders of modern Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is considered the founding father of the Republic of Turkey serving as its president from 1923 until his death in 1938. The treaty was significant because it prescribed for a population exchange between Turkey and Greece. It resulted in the forced relocation of around 1.5 million Greek Orthodox Christians from Turkey to Greece and about 500,000 Muslim Turks from Greece to Turkey. This exchange was intended to create ethnically homogeneous nation-states and minimize tensions between these groups. Another provision of the treaty is that it established the international status of the Turkish Straits, including the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. It guaranteed their neutral status and regulated the passage of ships through these strategically important waterways. This arrangement sought to prevent the militarization of the Straits and maintain freedom of navigation. [Colonialism, Nationalism and Jewish Immigration to Palestine: Abdu´l-Baha's Viewpoints Regarding the Middle East by Kamran Ekbal p6]	Ethnic divisions; Lausanne, Switzerland; Switzerland
1923 (In July or earlier)	Lorol Schopflocher made a visit to King Feisel as reported in the Ottawa Citizen 13 July, 1923 p16 and The Winnipeg Tribune 31 July 1923 p16. She was accorded several audiences to discuss the question of the seizure of the keys to the House of Bahá'u'lláh in Baghdád. [Bahá'í Chronicles] See Haifa Talks by Keith Ransom-Kehler and Lorol Schopflocher.	House of Bahá'u'lláh (Baghdad); Lorol Schopflocher; King Faisal; Baghdad, Iraq; Iraq
1923 Jul	The Bahá'ís appealed to the Peace Court for possession of the House of Bahá'u'lláh in Baghdád. [SETPE1p26]	House of Bahá'u'lláh (Baghdad); Baghdad, Iraq; Iraq
1923 Jun	Shoghi Effendi left Haifa for Switzerland. [PP72; BBRSM116] He returned to Haifa in November 1923. [BRRSM116]	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Shoghi Effendi, Travels of; Switzerland; Haifa, Israel
25 Apr	Martha Root left Osaka for northern China. [PH31; [Film Early History of the Baha'í Faith in China 11 min 35 sec and 15 min 40 sec] It was her second visit to China and lasted until March 1924. [PH31-2] In June she was joined by Ida Finch. After an earthquake hit Japan she was joined by Agnes Alexander. On the 4th of November they held the first Feast in Beijing.	Martha Root; Beijing, China	first Feast in Beijing 4 November 1923
1923 Ridván	The formation of the National Spiritual Assembly of Germany and Austria. [GPB333]	National Spiritual Assembly, formation; Stuttgart, Germany; Germany
1923 Ridván	The formation of the National Spiritual Assembly of India and Burma.. It was incorporated in 1932. [GPB333; BW6p303]	National Spiritual Assembly, formation; New Delhi, India; India; Myanmar
1923 Ridván	The formation of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of England. [GPB333] The election was by postal ballot. [EJR228] For the membership of the first Assembly see EJR228 and SBR71. See also EJR223-31 for the election and functioning of the Assembly. Prior to becoming the National Spiritual Assembly, the "All-England Bahá'í Council" was formed on the 6th of June, 1922. [Achievements and Victories of the Guardianship:Statistics, chronology, and bibliography compiled by Owen Battrick] In 1930 the name was changed tothe National Spiritual assembly of the Bahá'ís of the British Isles. [BCBI423] In 1972 when the National Spiritual Assembly of Ireland was formed, the National Spiritual Assembly of the British Isles was renamed the National Spiritual Assembly of the United Kingdom. [BW15:290]	National Spiritual Assembly, formation; London, England; United Kingdom
1923 Ridván	"...Ridvan messages: As early as 1923 Shoghi Effendi sent a letter of encouragement and greeting to the American national Bahá'í convention at Ridvan. It became his regular practice to write a Ridván letter to the Bahá'ís of the world summarizing the progress of the Faith in the previous year and setting out general directions for the coming year. The Universal House of Justice has continued this practice. Other Bahá'í institutions, especially national spiritual assemblies, also sometimes issue Ridvan letters." [SA241]	* Ridvan messages; - Bahá'í World Centre
1923 12 Mar	Shoghi Effendi wrote to Bahá'ís in America, Great Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, Japan and Australasia about Bahá'í administration, outlining the process for annual elections of assemblies and calling for the establishment of local and national funds. [BA34-43; PP330] See ER223-4 for the response of the British Bahá'ís. In the same letter, as a Post Script, he included a list of the best known and most current Bahá'í terms transliterated with a recommendation that this be adopted as standard for all Western Bahá'ís with a promise that the Haifa Spiritual Assembly would provide a supplement. The transliteration scheme was mostly based on a standard adopted by the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists which took place in Geneva in September 1894. [BA43; PG208-209] From the June 1923 issue of Star of the West, attempts were made to introduce the voting system although these are at first very patchy. The first books that appeared to be trying to put the system into use are Esslemont's Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era and Herrick's Unity Triumphant (the latter not entirely consistently), both published in 1923. Although some books appearing in 1924 did not follow the system, from this time on, books and other printed material published under Bahá'í auspices have followed it. [Transliteration by Mojan Momen] A list of transliterated terms appeared in BW1p131 and expanded lists appeared in subsequent volumes.	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; - Administration; - Transliteration and diacritics; Local Spiritual Assemblies; National Spiritual Assemblies; Elections; Funds; Haifa, Israel
1923 Mar	An article entitled `Bahai Organization: Its Basis in the Revealed Word' was published in Star of the West. [SW13, 12:323-8] The purpose of the article was to convince those who were opposed to a structured form of Bahá'í administration. [BBRSM123]	- Administration; Local Spiritual Assemblies; National Spiritual Assemblies
1923 23 Feb	In a message to the Bahá'ís in America, Great Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, Japan and in Australia, Shoghi Effendi instructed that local assemblies must be established in localities where the number of believers, aged twenty-one and over, was nine or more and he delineated the responsibilities of those assemblies. [BA37-39] In the same message he directed that, in countries where conditions are favourable and the number of believers merited it, that "secondary Houses of Justice" be established. He fixed the number of electors; in America-95, the Pacific Islands-95, Germany-95 and in Great Britain-19 and specified that they be elected annually. [BA39-41] Local and National Funds were to be established because "the progress and execution of spiritual activities is dependent and conditioned upon material means". [BA41]	National Spiritual Assembly; National Assembly, election of; Local Spiritual Assembly; Local Spiritual Assembly, election; - Bahá'í World Centre
1923 16 Feb	Declaration of the first native Hawaiian Bahá'í, Mae (Mary) Keali'i Kahumoku Tilton Fantom. She was from Maui. [Native Bahá'í - Indigenous Bahá'í]	Mae (Mary) Kealii Kahumoku Tilton Fantom; Maui; Hawaii, USA	first native Hawaiian Bahá'í.
1923 12 Feb	Bahai Scriptures, edited by Horace Holley, was published. [SBR231; Collins4.71-4.72] It was the first comprehensive collection of Bahá'í writings made thus far in English. [SBR231]	Horace Holley; Bahá'í Scriptures (book); * Publications; - First publications; New York, USA; USA
1923 8 Feb	The keys to the Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh were returned to Shoghi Effendi. [GBF23; PP71]	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Bahá'u'lláh, Shrine of; Bahji, Israel
1923 3 Feb	Shoghi Effendi wrote to the editors and manager of the Star of the West Albert Vail Miss Edna True Dr. Zia M. Baghdádí Mírzá Aḥmad Sohrab. He reported that he had requested every Spiritual Assembly throughout Persia, Turkestan, Caucasus, India, Egypt, 'Iráq, Turkey, Syria and Palestine to contribute periodically carefully written articles to the magazine, and submit regularly for publication a special report on their spiritual activities and the progress of the Cause in their own province. [Uncompiled Published Letters p30 by Shoghi Effendi] He sent a similar note of encouragement to the editor of the Indian Bahá'í News and to the editors of The Dawn in Burma. [PP347-348; Uncompiled Published Letters p36 by Shoghi Effendi]	Star of the West; Indian Bahá'í News; Dawn, The (newsletter); - Periodicals; - Newsletters; - First publications; * Publications; - Bahá'í World Centre; New York, USA; India; Myanmar
1923 Feb	Shoghi Effendi sent his early translation of The Hidden Words to America. [PP205]	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Shoghi Effendi, Translations by; Translation; Kalimat-i-Maknunih (Hidden Words); Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Shoghi Effendi, Works of; - Bahá'í World Centre; USA
1923 Jan	The Guardian sent `Abdu'l-Husayn, Ávárih, to Europe to deepen the believers. [CB335; SBR68; EJR223] For his life and eventual Covenant-breaking see CB334-42 and PP120.	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; `Abdu'l-Husayn Ávárih; Covenant-breakers; - Europe
1923 (In the year)	After the passing of his wife, the eldest daughter and son-in-law of Mr. Uskuli arrived in Shanghai as pioneers. Also arriving were his mother, Sarah Khanum and his two younger daughters Rohani (Rawhaniyyih), and Jalalia (Jalaliyyih) as well as his son Goudrat (Qudrat). In 1934 these three younger children, accompanied by their grandmother, left to study at the American University at Beirut. Ridvaniyyih and 'Ali-Muhammad Suleimani returned to Iran in August of 1950 due to the difficult conditions in China at the time. [PH39; Video Early history of the Bahá'í Faith in China 7 min 57 sec]	Uskuli; Shanghai, China
1923 (In the year)	The publication of Bahai Manuscripts. Suggestions for Their Preservation and Arrangement by Charles Mason Remey. This publication had the approval of the National Bahá'í Archives Committee of America and the National Bahá'í Reviewing Committee of America.	Archives; Manuscripts; Charles Mason Remey; Newport, RI
1923 (In the year)	The first Bahá'í Feast was held in New Zealand in the home of Margaret Stevenson. It was attended by Hyde Dunn from Australia. [SoW Vol 14 p25] For photo see Bahá'í Historical Facts.	Feast; Margaret Stevenson; Hyde Dunn; New Zealand	first Bahá'í Feast held in New Zealand
1923 (In the year)	The keys for the House of Bahá'u'lláh in Baghdád were delivered to the Shi'as by the government. [PP94-5, GBF33]	House of Bahá'u'lláh (Baghdad); Baghdad, Iraq; Iraq
1923 (In the year)	The publication of Bahá'í Indexes: Suggestions for the Arrangement of a Bibliography and Reference Indexes of the Bahá'í Teachings with Practical Explanations How to Build Up Baha'i Index Systems by Charles Mason Remey with the approval of the National Spiritual Assembly.	- Indexes and catalogues; - Bibliography; Charles Mason Remey; East Lansing, MI
1923 (In the year)	Charles Mason Remey made preliminary plans for a monumental domed superstructure for the Shrine of the Báb. [BW6:723]	Mason Remey; Báb, Shrine of; Haifa, Israel
Try also a shorter date like or 1923 or 192 try also the Chronology Canada — 1923-0 or 1923 or 192

Home

Site Map

Links