Chronology: Date 1870-0

date	event	tags	firsts
1870 (In the year)	Násiri'd-Dín Sháh maded a pilgrimage to the shrines in Iraq. In preparation for his visit the Bahá'ís were rounded up, arrested and exiled. [BBR267; BBRSM90; BKG441] See BKG441–3 for details of the exile.	Nasirid-Din Sháh; Persecution, Iraq; - Persecution, Arrests; - Persecution; Iraq; Iran
1870 (In the year)	In Zanján, Áqá Siyyid Ashraf was arrested, condemned to death as a Bábí and executed. [BWG470] He was the son of Mír Jalíl, one of the companions of Hujjat who was martyred in Tihrán at the end of the Zanján episode. [BKG470] He was born during the siege at Zanján. [BKG470] His mother was brought to prison to persuade him to recant his faith but she threatened to disown him if he did so. [BBD25; BKG470; ESW73–4; GPB199–200] See G135–6 for Bahá'u'lláh's Tablet concerning Ashraf and his mother.	Aqa Siyyid Ashraf; Mir Jalil; Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Arrests; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution, Other; - Persecution; Zanjan, Iran; Iran
1870 (In the year)	`Údí Khammár completed the restoration and expansion of the mansion at Bahjí originally built by `Abdu'lláh Páshá in 1821. [BBD42, 128; DH106-107] See DH107 for the inscription he placed over the door.	Udi Khammar; `Abdu'lláh Páshá; Bahji, Israel; Inscriptions; House of Bahá'u'lláh (Bahji); Restoration; Akka, Israel
1870 (In the year)	The Winkler Prins is a Dutch encyclopedia, founded by the Dutch poet and clergyman Anthony Winkler Prins (1817-1908) which ran through nine editions. The first was issued from 1870 to 1882 in 16 volumes, and the last, numbering 26 volumes, from 1990 to 1993. This final edition, titled De Grote Winkler Prins (the Great Winkler Prins) is one of the most comprehensive works of its kind published so far in any country, containing more than 200,000 articles and references. Prins, himself a trained minister having studied at the Seminar of Mennonites, also championed the cause of reconciliation between science and religion and was what has been termed "a radical pacificist". The first edition, while not containing a separate lemma for the Faith, mentions the "Babis" in passing in the article on Persia. From the second edition in 1884, there was mention of the term "Babi" in a quarter-page article. With the publication of each edition, the articles became more informed and for the general public, the Winkler Prins Encyclopedia was probably the most used source of information about the Bahá'í Faith until well after World War II. [Bahaigeschiedenis.nl; Wikipedia] Today an online subscription-based version of the Winkler Prins is available.	Encyclopedias; Winkler Prins encyclopedia; Mennonite; Mentions; Netherlands
1870 14 Jan	Birth of May (or Mary) Ellis Bolles, prominent American Bahá'í teacher, in Englewood, New Jersey. [BFA1p141] At the age of 11 she had a dream in which she experienced a flash of light so bright that blinded her for a day.[BFA1p141] In 1896 she dreamed she saw the earth from space. One word was written on the surface and the only letters she could read were "B" and "H". [BFA1p141] In another dream she saw a vision of a man clothed in Eastern garb who beckoned her from across the Mediterranean. [BFA1p141]	May Maxwell (Bolles); Births and deaths; Dreams and visions; Englewood, NJ; New Jersey, USA; USA
1870 22 Jun	Mírzá Mihdí, the Purest Branch, fell through the skylight in the roof of the prison in `Akká onto a crate lying on the floor below. [BKG311–12; GBP188; RB3:205] It was a normal practice for prisoners to go onto the roof in the summer evenings for fresh air. [RB3:205] He was chanting the verses of Bahá'u'lláh's Qasídiy-i-Varqá'íyyih. [RB3:206] He was so badly injured that his clothes have to be torn from him. [RB206] Bahá'u'lláh came to him at His bedside and asked His son whether he wished to live; the Purest Branch begged Bahá'u'lláh to accept his life as a ransom for the opening of the gates of the prison to pilgrims. Bahá'u'lláh accepted this sacrifice. [BKG311–12; GPB188; RB3:208]	Mírzá Mihdi (Purest Branch); Qasidiyyih-Varqaiyyih (Ode of the Dove); Citadel; Sacrifice; Pilgrimage; Pilgrims; First pilgrims; Akka, Israel
1870 23 Jun	Mírzá Mihdí died from his injuries 22 hours after his fall. [BKG311–12; GPB188; RB3:208] See BKG313, GPB188 and RB3:210 for the prayer of Bahá'u'lláh for His son. Shoghi Effendi equate his death with the acts of atonement associated with Abraham's intended sacrifice of His son, with the crucifixion of Christ and with the martyrdom of Imám Husayn. [GPB188] He was interred in the cemetery next to the shrine of Nabí Sálih in `Akká. [GBP188; RB3:209] Also see BBD155, BKG311–14, RB3:204–20.	Mírzá Mihdi (Purest Branch); Births and deaths; In Memoriam; Cemeteries and graves; Akka, Israel
1870 Jul	The Roman Catholic Vatican Council under Pope Pius IX formulated the doctrine of papal infallibility. Shortly afterwards Italian forces under Victor Emmanuel II attacked the Papal States and seize and occupy Rome, virtually extinguishing the temporal sovereignty of the pope. [GPB227; PDC54] See Bahá'í Historical Facts.	Pope Pius IX; - Popes; - Christianity; History (general); Rome, Italy; Italy
1870 19 Jul – 1871 10 May	Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears of the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded. See KA90 for Bahá'u'lláh's reference to this and KAN121 for `Abdu'l-Bahá's interpretation.	Franco-Prussian War; War; History (general); Napoleon III; Germany; France
1870 1 - 2 Sep	Battle of Sedan. Napoleon III suffered defeat at the hands of Kaiser Wilhelm I. It resulted in the capture of Emperor Napoleon III and large numbers of his troops and for all intents and purposes decided the war in favour of Prussia and its allies, though fighting continued under a new French government. Napoleon went into exile in England, where he died in 1873. Bahá'u'lláh referred to this in KA86.	Franco-Prussian War; War; History (general); Napoleon III; Kaiser Wilhelm I; Kitáb-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book); Sedan, France; France; Germany; United Kingdom
1870 29 Sep	Mírzá `Abdu'l-Ghaffár effected his escape from Cyprus and rejoins Bahá'u'lláh in `Akká. [BBR306]	Mírzá `Abdu'l-Ghaffar; Cyprus; Akka, Israel
Try also a shorter date like or 1870 or 187 try also the Chronology Canada — 1870-0 or 1870 or 187

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