Bahai Library Online

Tag "Shaykhism"

tag name: Shaykhism type: General
web link: Shaykhism
referring tags: Philosophy, Shaykhi

"Shaykhism" appears in:

1.   from the main catalog (56 results; less)

  1. Denis MacEoin. Ahsá'í, Shaykh Ahmad (1985). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite.
  2. Foad Seddigh. Analysis of the Salient Features of Risáliy-i-Ja'faríyyih, An (2019). This treatise, one of the major writings of the Báb, was written before He had disclosed His complete station of prophethood to the public. It comments on an Islamic prayer for the advent of the promised Qa'im. Includes translation.
  3. Jean-Marc Lepain. Peter Terry, trans. Archeology of the Kingdom of God, The (2015). Analysis of the spiritual worlds as depicted in philosophical and religious texts, from ancient the Greek to Jewish, Christian and Muslim thought, contrasted with the theosophy, metaphysics, anthropology, and hermeneutics of Bahá'u'lláh and 'Abdu'l-Bahá.
  4. Stephen Lambden. Aspects of Isrá'íliyyát and the Emergence of the Bábí-Bahá'í Interpretation of the Bible, Some (2002). Islamic "Israelitica" literary traditions, the Bible, and their relationship to the Bábí and Bahá'í religions. Includes discussion of the Greatest Name, Ism Alláh al-A'zam.
  5. Todd Lawson. Authority of the Feminine and Fatima's Place in an Early Work by the Bab, The (2007). While Tahirih inspired many in Europe and eventually America, she is very much a daughter of her own culture, history, mythology, and religion. She was a religious mystic who felt a new day arising in the world, and seen by some as the "return" of Fatima.
  6. Peter Smith, Moojan Momen. Babi Movement, The: A Resource Mobilization Perspective (1986). Babism from a sociological standpoint, esp. the place of the Babis in their contemporary cultural and economic classes.
  7. Cyril Glasse. Babis, Bahá'ís, Shaykhis (1991).
  8. Robert Stauffer, comp. Bahá'í Studies Bulletin: Index by volume (1998). List of articles in all issues of Bahai Studies Bulletin, 1982-1992.
  9. Hutan Hejazi Martinez. Bahá'ísm: History, Transfiguration, Doxa (2010-05). An outsider's view of the role of ideologies in a postmodern era, focusing on Bahá'í history, conversion narratives, ideology, and other competing philosophies. (Link to thesis, offsite.)
  10. Khazeh Fananapazir. Bahá'u'lláh as fulfilment of the theophanic promise in the Sermons of Imam 'Alí ibn Abí Ṭálib: Translation of al Tutunjiyya, Iftikhár and Ma'rifat bin-Nurániyyat (2007). Translations of Tutunjiyya "Sermon of the Gulf," Iftikhár "Sermon of Iftikhár," and Ma'rifat bin-Nurániyyat "Sermon of Ma'rifat bin-Nurániyyat."
  11. Vahid Brown. Beginning That Hath No Beginning, The: Bahá'í Cosmogony (2002). The dimensions of myth in the Bahá'í Faith focussing on the religion's narratives of creation, religious history, and Administrative Order.
  12. Necati Alkan. "By the Fig and the Olive": `Abdu'l-Bahá's Commentary in Ottoman Turkish on the Qur'ánic Sura 95 (2001). A translation and discussion of an Ottoman-Turkish Tablet by `Abdu'l-Bahá: his commentary on the Quaranic Sura of the Fig (#95). 
  13. Paul Ward English. City and Village in Iran: Settlement and Economy in the Kirman Basin (1966). Brief description of villages in Iran, including Langar, the "center of the Shaykhi sect."
  14. Marzieh Gail. Dawn over Mount Hira and Other Essays (1976). A collection of essays on various topics of interest to Bahá'í studies and history. Most of these were first published in Star of the West and World Order between 1929 and 1971.
  15. Muhammad Iqbal. Development of Metaphysics in Persia, The: A Contribution to the History of Muslim Philosophy (1908). Short philosophical observations on the theology of the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh.
  16. Vahid Rafati. Development of Shaykhi Thought in Shi'i Islam, The (1979).
  17. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Arjen Bolhuis, comp. Encyclopaedia Iranica: Selected articles related to Persian culture, religion, philosophy and history (1982-2023). Sorted, categorized collection of links to over 170 articles.
  18. William F. McCants, John Walbridge, Frank Lewis, et al.. Richard C. Martin, ed. Encyclopedia of Islam and The Muslim World (2004). Articles on Abdu'l-Bahá, the Báb, Bahá'u'lláh, the Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths, Hujjatiya, Persian language and literature, Shaykhism, and Twelver Shi'ism.
  19. A.L.M. Nicolas. Essai Sur le Cheikhisme (1910/1911). One of the earliest biographies of Shaykh Ahmad Ahsa'i and Siyyid Kazim Rashi, founders of Iranian reform movements in the 18th and 19th centuries.
  20. Denis MacEoin. From Shaykhism to Babism: A Study in Charismatic Renewal in Shi'i Islam (1979). Examination of the Bábí movement within the wider context of Imami Shi'ism, the shadow of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i and Sayyid Kazem Rashti, and the Bábí rejection of Shaykhism.
  21. Juan Cole. Individualism and the Spiritual Path in Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i (1997-09). On Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i's criticisms of aspects of Sufism, and whether he could be considered a "mystic" despite his anathemas against Sufism.
  22. Todd Lawson. Interpretation as Revelation: The Qur'an Commentary of the Báb (1990). Overview and context of two of the Bab's earliest writings and their relevance to Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsá’í and Siyyid Kázim Rashtí: a commentary on the Qur'an's Chapter of the Cow, and his famous Qayyúm al-Asmá, Commentary on the Chapter of Joseph.
  23. Ervand Abrahamian. Iran between Two Revolutions (1982). Multiple references to the Bahá'í Faith, in an academic book of history.
  24. Juan Cole, comp. Juan Cole manuscript and book collection: Shaykhi, Babi, and Baha'i texts (1997). Manuscripts and books in Cole's library and selected Iranian National Bahá'í Archive contents.
  25. Stephen Lambden. Kaleidoscope: Some Aspects of Angelology, Light, the Divine Throne and Color Mysticism in Bábí and Bahá'í Scripture (2004). Miscellaneous notes relating to religious cosmology, angelology, color and “throne” symbolism in select Abrahamic, Bábí, Bahá’í, and religious and mystical texts. It will be seen that colours are related to the theology of the celestial Throne.
  26. Armin Eschraghi. Kázem Rashtí (2013). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite.
  27. Michael W. Sours, Brent Poirier, Ismael Velasco, Iraj Ayman. Kitáb-i-Íqán, The Book of Certitude: Wilmette Institute faculty notes (1999). Notes on various topics related to Bahá'u'lláh's Book of Certitude.
  28. Christopher Buck, Youli A. Ioannesyan. Last Prophet and Last Day: Shaykhí, Bábí and Bahá'í Exegesis of the 'Seal of the Prophets' (Q. 33:40) (2023). Survey and analysis of viewpoints on the meaning of "Seal of the Prophets"; the prophetic cycle and cycle of fulfillment; metaphorical and spiritual understandings of the "divine presence." Link to article (offsite).
  29. Ismael Velasco. Liminal Moment, A: Shaykhi Millennialism and the Irruption of Modernity (2013). On the end-times theology of the last great philosophical school to have developed integrally within Islam, its context vis-a-vis Western modernity, and its place in Bahá'í thought.
  30. Stephen Lambden. Arjen Bolhuis, comp. List of Baha'i Studies and Translations. A list of content available at Lambden's personal website, Hurqalya Publications, with select links to manuscripts, texts, introductions. Includes Shaykhi and Bábí studies, bibliographies, genealogies, provisional translations.
  31. Ross Woodman. Metaphor and the Language of Revelation (1997). To enter the realm of metaphor as the language of the soul is to come into direct contact with the Word as the originating power of creation.
  32. Sholeh A. Quinn. Mi'ráj in Select Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í Texts, The (2023). The ascension of the Prophet Muhammad to heaven, and commentary on its meanings by religious leaders associated with the the Shaykhí, Bábí, and Bahá'í movements. Link to article (offsite).
  33. John Walbridge. Miscellaneous philosophy topics (2002). Islamic vs. Bahá'í philosophy; Greek philosophers and the Jews; other topics of philosophy.
  34. Vahid Houston Ranjbar. Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and Shaykh Ahmad (2016-12-23). Brief comparison of two opposing ideologies: fundamentalist Wahhabism vs. the less literalistic teachings of Shaykhism and the Bábí Faith.
  35. William F. McCants. Multivalent Mahdihood: Karim Khan Kirmani's Early Critique of the Multiple Claims of the Bab (2003). Shaykhi critiques of the Qayyum al-asma; the nature of the Báb's gradually unfolding claims, first as a báb to imam and qá'ím and finally prophethood; the Báb's concept of religious authority.
  36. Farshid Kazemi. Mysteries of Alast: The Realm of Subtle Entities and the Primordial Covenant in the Babi-Bahá'í Writings (2009). One of the more esoteric concepts in Shi'i and Shaykhi thought is the "realm of subtle entities," 'ālam-i dharr, a sort of pre-existence for the archetype of humanity, which is relevant to free will and the seven stages of creation.
  37. Ismael Velasco. Prolegomenon to the Study of Babi and Baha'i Scriptures, A: The Importance of Henry Corbin to Babi and Baha'i Studies (2004). On the foremost Western authority on the Islamic philosophy of Persia, one of the most influential Islamicists of the 20th century, whose work is uniquely relevant in understanding the philosophical context for the emergence of the Bábí Faith.
  38. Thomas Kelly Cheyne. Reconciliation of Races and Religions, The (1914). Early history of the Bábí and Bahá'í movements, life stories of their participants, and their contemporary religious context, written by a distinguished British Biblical scholar.
  39. Youli A. Ioannesyan. Reflections on Some Messianic Prophecies in Shaykhi Works (2010). A Bahá’í interpretation of passages of messianic prophecy in the writings of Shaykh Ahmad and Siyyid Kázim.
  40. Moojan Momen. Sayyid Kazim Rashti (2011).
  41. Keven Brown, comp. Selections from the Bahá'í Writings and from Shaykh Ahmad on the Seven Stages of Creation (2008). Collection of quotations from the Bab, Bahá'u'lláh, and Shaykh Ahmad, with footnotes, on the seven stages of Divine action: Will, Determination, Destiny, Decree, Permission, Term, and Book.
  42. Ali ibn 'Abu-Talib. Khazeh Fananapazir, trans. Sermon of Recognition with Luminousness (Khutbih-i-Ma'rifat bin-Núráníyyat) (2001). A sermon by Imam Ali, of interest to Bahá'ís because (1) it was often quoted by Shaykh Ahmad Ahsa'i­ and Siyyid Kázim Rashtí; (2) it concerns the true station of the Imáms; and (3) Bahá'u'lláh quotes it in the Kitáb-i-I­qán.
  43. Todd Lawson. Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i and the World of Images (2010). Characteristics and function of this world as found in the writings of Mullá Muhammad Muhsin Fayd Káshání and Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsá'í. Does not mention the Bahá'í Faith.
  44. Juan Cole. Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i on the Sources of Religious Authority (1993-10). How did Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i understand the structure of authority in Shi`ism, specifically the role of the ulama? Was he to be seen as an exemplar to be emulated, the first among equals, or a Sufiesque 'pole' channeling the grace of God? 
  45. Yann Richard. Shaykhisme à la période qajare, by Denis Hermann: Review (2020).
  46. Fares Gillon. Shaykhisme à la période qajare, by Denis Hermann: Review (2019).
  47. Moojan Momen. Sheikh Ahmad al-Ahsai (2011).
  48. Juan Cole. Shi'i Clerics in Iraq and Iran, 1722-1780: The Akhbari-Usuli Conflict Reconsidered (1985 Winter). A debate which came to shape Shi'i jurisprudence, between those who believed that only the Imams should be the source of law, vs. those who held that rational study of scripture could yield worthy principles. (No mention of the Bábí or Bahá'í faiths.)
  49. Denis MacEoin. Some Bahá'í and Shaykhí Interpretations of 'the Mystery of Reversal' (1982-06). Prophecies about the appearance of the Qa'im and the significance of certain letters and numbers within a cipher described in an Islamic text.
  50. Henry Corbin. Nancy Pearson, trans. Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi'ite Iran (1977). An analysis of interrelated themes in Iranian religion, including the angelology of Mazdaism and Islamic Shi'ite concepts of spirit-body identity. Includes descriptions of cosmologies in Zoroastrian, Shi'i Islamic and Shaykhi philosophies.
  51. Sepehr Manuchehri. Taqiyyah (Dissimulation) in the Babi and Bahá'í Religions (2000). The historical application of taqiyyah and instances where Bábís cooperated with the authorities in suppression of their peers, and the attitude of government officials towards these individuals.
  52. Adib Masumian, trans. Translation List: Provisional Translations of Baháʼí Literature (2009-2023). Index to talks, letters, and other items translated from Persian and Arabic to English by Adib Masumian; listed here for the sake of search engines and tagging.
  53. Todd Lawson. Typological Figuration and the Meaning of "Spiritual": The Qurʾanic Story of Joseph (2012). Meanings of the famous shirt (qamís) as a symbol of Joseph's spiritual journey and travails in the Qur'an and tafsír. Brief mentions of Shaykh Ahmad, Siyyid Kazim, and the Báb on pp. 229, 231 and 237-238.
  54. Moojan Momen. Usuli, Akhbari, Shaykhi, Babi: The Tribulations of a Qazvin Family (2003-09). The emergence of the Usuli school in the evolution of Shi'is jurisprudence and theology in 18th and 19th-century Iran, viewed through the lens of the Baraghani family as it faced schisms of the Akhbari, Shaykhi, and Bábí movements.
  55. Moojan Momen, comp. Works of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsá'í, The: A Bibliography (1991). An annotated encyclopedia of core Shaykhi writings. Based on Shaykh Abu'l-Qasim Kirmani's Fihirist Kutub Masháyikh 'Izám.
  56. Juan Cole. World as Text, The: Cosmologies of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i (1994). Shaykh Ahmad's creative use of mythic symbols can be seen as an escape from the limitations of the conceptual and literary structures erected by his forebears; his millenarianism and rebellion against staid literalism as a means of reinvigorating Shi'ism.

2.   from the Chronology (14 results; less)

  1. 1753-00-00
      Birth of Shaykh Ahmad Ahsá'í in the village of Mutayrafí in the Ahsá region, the hinterland of Bahrayn. (Bahrain)
    • See Episodes by Marzieh Gail in World Order Volume 5 Issue 3 p6.
  2. 1797-00-00 — Birth of Siyyid Kázim-i-Rashtí, in Rasht.
  3. 1817-00-00Shaykh Ahmad traveled to Persia and visits Shíráz and Tihrán. He was in Tihrán when Bahá'u'lláh is born. [DB13]
  4. 1819-00-00 — Death of Shaykh `Alí, son of Shaykh Ahmad. Shaykh Ahmad considered this loss as a sacrifice for `the Alí whose advent we all await'. [MH24]
  5. 1826-06-27
      Passing of Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsá'í, the leader of the Shaykhís, in Haddíyyih near Medina near the tomb of Muhammad, at approximately 75 years. He was buried in the cemetery of Baqí` in Medina. [B2,; M16; H20]
    • At his passing Siyyid Kázim-i-Rashtí became his designated successor. [BBD12; DB9-11]
    • BBD12 says it was 1828 and he was 81 years old
    • See MH20 for three chief articles of faith of the Shaykhís.
    • See BBRSM8 for a brief account of his life. Says he lived from 1753 to 1826.
    • See DB1-18 for a brief history of his life.
    • DB18 says he died in 1268 A.H. (4 August, 1826 to 25 July, 1827)
    • See MH22 for a picture.
    • KA239n171 says Shaykh Aḥmad-i-Ahsá'í lived from 1753 to 1831. He was the founder of the Shaykhí School and the first of the "twin luminaries that heralded the advent of the Faith of the Báb".
    • See Sheikh Ahmad al-Ahsai by Moojan Momen for a brief history of Shaykh Aḥmad-i-Ahsá'í and the Shaykhí School and his continuing influence today.
    • See Ahsá'í, Shaykh Ahmad by Denis MacEoin (Encyclopedia Iranica).
    • See BBRSM8-13 for a history of Shaykhism.
    • See GPB92 for his predictions regarding the Twin Manifestations. iiiii
  6. 1841-00-00
      Siyyid `Alí Muhammad (the Báb) went Karbalá where He attended the lectures of Siyyid Kázim-i-Rashtí, Shaykh Ahmad's successor. From Karbalá He went to Najaf before returning to Shíráz. [DB26-30; Bab42–4; MH25; RB3:254; SBBH15]
    • The followers of Shaykh Ahmad number about 100,000 in Iraq alone. [MH25, HotD25]
    • BBRSM13 says the Báb went to Najaf and Karbalá in 1839/40.
  7. 1843-12-31
      Passing of Siyyid Kázim-i-Rashtí, the disciple and self-proclaimed successor of Shaykh Ahmad, in Karbalá. Because Siyyid Kázim designated no successor, within a short period of time the Shaykhí school was split into several factions. The two largest were grouped around Siyyid `Alí Muhammad and Hájí Mullá Muhammad Karím Khán Kirmání. The first faction moved away from the outward practice of Islám towards a development of inner realities and ultimately a new revelation. The second emphasized the continuing role of the Prophets and the Imáms and sought acceptance from the Shí'í majority which had formerly excommunicated Shaykh Ahmad and Siyyid Kázim. [BBD126–7; MH26; SBBH1; TB6, Sayyid Kazim Rashti by Moojan Momen]
    • The latter, Hájí Mullá Muhammad Karím Khán Kirmání, became an enemy of the Báb. [SDH165; RoB1p331-335]
    • BBRSM9 for a brief account of his life and the Shaykhí school under his leadership.
    • See MH28 for a picture.
    • See DB43–5, MH46–7 for an account of a warning of his passing in a shepard's dream.
    • Bahá'u'lláh condemned him in both the Kitáb-i-Íqán (p.184-186) and the Lawh-i-Qiná.
    • See DB24-25, 40-42 for Siyyid Kázim's exhortations to his followers predicting the manifestation of both the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh.
  8. 1844-08-11
      The Báb sent Mullá `Alíy-i-Bastámí to Najaf and Karbalá to proclaim His Cause among the Shaykhís. In Najaf Mullá `Alí delivered a letter from the Báb to Shaykh Muhammad-Hasan Najafí, the leading Shí`í divine and the keeper of the shrines in Iraq. [BBRSM15; DB87-91; SBBH20–1, HotD46]
    • The Shaykh's rejection of the claim led to a violent debate. Mullá `Alí was taken to Baghdád and imprisoned there. After a public trial, a joint tribunal of Sunní and Shí`í `ulamá, he was sent to Istanbul. He was the first martyr of the Bábí Dispensation. It is significant that Mullá Hasan Gawhar, a leading figure of the Shaykhí school, participated in the condemnation as it marks the first major challenge to Bábism from a Shaykhí leader. [Bab27, 37–8, 58; BBR83–90; BBRSM17; BKG31; DB90–2; MMBA, BBR2p17, GPB10]
  9. 1844-12-20
      The Báb made a declaration of His mission by standing at the Ka`bih, holding the ring of the door and repeating three times that He is the Qá'im.
    • On the last day of His pilgrimage, the 24th of December, He made an open challenge to Mírzá Muhammad-Husayn-i-Kirmání, known as Muhít, of the Shaykhí school promising him that He would answer any questions he might pose on the condition that he either refute His Cause or bear allegiance to it. He fled for Medina before honouring his promise to submit questions. The Báb, while in transit to Medina, wrote a reply to the questions which had perplexed Mírzá Muhít (The Epistle between the Two Shrines) and had it delivered to him in Karbilá. He remained unmoved by the precepts inculcated, his attitude to the Faith was one of concealed and persistent opposition. [DB137-138; SBBR5p103-104; Bab73–4; The Genesis of the Bábi-Bahá'í Faiths in Shíráz and Fárs p35 by A. Rabbani]
    • See DB137-138 for Mírzá Muhít's dealings with Bahá'u'lláh.
    • The Báb sent Quddus with an invitation to the Sharíf of Mecca acquainting him with the new Revelation. The Sharíf was too busy to respond. Years later he recognized his error in ignoring the epistle. [B71-74; BW12:89; DB138-140; GPB9, 89] iiiii
  10. 1845-01-10 — The beginning of the Islamic new year. Messianic fervour grew, particularly among Shaykhís. [BBRSM15]
  11. 1845-07-01 — In Kirmán, Karím Khán, the self-appointed leading Shaykhí cleric, had a number of Bábís expelled from the city. [BBRSM17–18]
  12. 1845-07-02 — Karím Khán wrote a number of refutations of the Báb. The first, Isháqu'l-Bátil (The Crushing of Falsehood) was published in July. This caused some Bábís to dissociate themselves from Shaykhism. [BBRSM17–18]
  13. 1845-08-00 — In Karbalá Táhirih revived the remnant of the Bábí community. She was considered a part of the radical element of Shaykhí Bábís because she believed that the Shaykhí tradition had been abrogated by the new Revelation. The new Bábí movement caused the Shaykhí leaders to unite in their opposition to the Báb and to redefine the nature of the school, toning down its more controversial teachings and moving back towards mainstream Shí`ísm. [BBRSM16–18]
  14. 1978-04-15 — At the second Seminar on Bahá'í Studies held at the University of Lancaster Denis MacEoin, a Lecturer in Islamic Studies at the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, delivered his paper Early Shaykhí Reaction to the Báb and His Claims. It has been presented in Studies in Bábí & Bahá'í History, Volume 1, edited by Moojan Momen.
 
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