This chronology is an updated, expanded version of A Basic Baha'i Chronology by Glenn Cameron and Wendi Momen. To help add or correct entries, contact Glenn. |
Canada ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() 1900s ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
date | event | tags | ||
1753 | Birth of Shaykh Ahmad Ahsá'í in the village of Mutayrafí in the Ahsá region, the hinterland of Bahrayn. (Bahrain)
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Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsai; Shaykhism; Births and deaths; Mutayrafí, Bahrain; Bahrain | ||
1771 | Birth of Fath-`Alí Khán (later Sháh) in Shíráz. He ruled from 1797 (or 1798) to 1834. | Fath-`Alí Sháh; - Shahs; Births and deaths; Qajar dynasty; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
c. 1778 | Birth of Mírzá Muhammad Riday-i-Shírází, the father of the Báb. | Mírzá Muhammad Rida; Births and deaths; Báb, Family of; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
c. 1783 | Birth of Mírzá `Abbás-i-Irivání, later Prime Minister Hájí Mírzá Áqásí, in Máh-Kú. | - Prime Ministers of Iran; - Prime Ministers; Hájí Mírzá Aqasi; Births and deaths; Mah-Ku, Iran; Iran | ||
1797 | Birth of Siyyid Kázim-i-Rashtí, in Rasht. | Shaykhism; Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti; Births and deaths; Rasht, Iran; Iran | ||
1797 17 Jun | Áqá Muhammad Khán, leader of the Qájárs, (b. 5 September, 1772, d. 23 October, 1834) proclaimed himself Sháh of Persia; beginning of Qájár dynasty. He ruled until the 23rd of October, 1834. [AY213, Wikipedia]
The Qajar dynasty lasted until 1925. [Wikipedia] |
Aqa Muhammad Khan; Qajar dynasty; - Shahs; - Shahs, Throne changes; History (general); Iran, General history; Iran | ||
1797 c. Aug | Crown Prince Fath-`Alí Mírzá assumed leadership of Persia. (1797 (or 1798) to 1834) | Fath-`Alí Sháh; - Shahs; - Shahs, Throne changes; Qajar dynasty; History (general); Iran, General history; Iran | ||
1798 21 Mar | Fath-`Alí Khán was crowned second Qájár Sháh during Naw-Rúz festival. | Fath-`Alí Sháh; - Shahs; - Shahs, Throne changes; Qajar dynasty; History (general); Iran, General history; Iran | ||
1798 1 Jul | The start of the French invasion of Egypt. It ended in a military disaster for France, albeit a political springboard for the 29-year old future emperor but it was a cultural and scientific enterprise that played a crucial role in the development of modern Egypt. The objectives were to free Egypt from the tyranny of the Mamluk ruling warrior class and to cut off Britain's trade route to India. It was the first major incursion of a European power into a central country of the Islamic world since the Crusades.
Although the plan to colonize Egypt failed it did inaugurate an era of intensive and prolonged rivalry between Britain and France, soon to be joined by Russia. The Age of Colonization had begun. In 1814 35% of the world was ruled by the colonial powers. By 1914 it was 85%. The French captured Alexandria easily and were victorious in the Battle of the Pyramids, however the British under Horatio Nelson sunk the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile in August. The British and the Ottomans laid siege to Acre in May of 1799 at the same time a plague epidemic struck the French soldiers. Napoleon fled back to dance in August of 1799 abandoning his troops to an eventual surrender in August of 1801. After the expulsion of Napoleon's troops from Egypt by a combined British-Ottoman operation in 1801, Egypt underwent, under Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805-48). a period of comprehensive reforms. The elimination of the Mamluk feudal lords, the confiscation of their lands and the establishment of a state-controlled monopoly of the chief products, mainly cotton, enabled the enlightened ruler to initiate an extensive program of socio-economic change. Industries flourished, military and medical academies were established, students were sent abroad to study in Paris. A modern army was built up and the Egyptian navy soon surpassed the Ottoman navy which controlled the Eastern Mediterranean. [Wikipedia; Colonialism, Nationalism and Jewish Immigration to Palestine: Abdu'l-Baha's Viewpoints Regarding the Middle East by Kamran Ekbal p26-27; Napoleon and the Scientific Expedition to Egypt] |
Egypt | ||
1799 in the year | Napoleon, returning from Egypt, captured Jaffa and laid siege to Acre.
At this juncture the French in Egypt were being threatened by the British Fleet under Commodore Sir Sidney Smith, while a Turkish army was assembling in Syria. Napoleon's object was to compel the Ottoman Government to come to terms with France. He defeated the Turks on the Plain of Jezreel, and advanced as far as Nazareth and Safed; but he failed to capture Acre after a two month siege and the loss of most of his best soldiers, gallantly defended by Sidney Smith. By the beginning of June, 1799, Napoleon had withdrawn from Palestine. [Handbook of Palestine edited by H C Luke and E Keith Roach, McMillan, London, 1922 pp22-23] |
Napoleon I; History (general); War; Akka, Israel; Israel; Palestine | ||
1799 21 Mar | Fath-`Alí Sháh's son, `Abbás Mírzá (aged 9), was designated Crown Prince of Persia. | Fath-`Alí Sháh; - Shahs; Abbas Mírzá; Qajar dynasty; History (general); Iran, General history; Iran | ||
1804 - 1813 | Russo-Persian War resulted in a Russian victory. The Battle of Aslan Duz on 31 October 1812 was the turning point in the war, which led to the complete destruction of the Persian army, thus leaving Fath Ali Shah with no other option but to sign the Treaty of Gulistan on 24 October 1813. Numerically, Persian forces had a considerable advantage during the war, a ratio of 5 to 1 over their Russian adversaries, however, the Persian forces were technologically backwards and poorly trained - a problem that the Persian government failed to recognize. With the Treaty of Gulistan Persia ceded what is now Georgia, Dagestan, parts of northern Armenia, and most of what now comprises modern Azerbaijan to Russia. | Russo-Persian War; Treaty of Gulistan; War; History (general); Iran, General history; Gulistan, Iran; Aslan Duz, Iran; Iran; Russia | ||
c. 1806 | Birth of Mírzá Muhammad Taqí Khán-i-Farahání, later Prime Minister of Persia, in Hizávih. | Mírzá Muhammad Taqi Khan-i-Farahani; - Prime Ministers of Iran; - Prime Ministers; Births and deaths; Hizavih, Iran; Iran | ||
1807 25 Mar | The Bill to abolish the Atlantic slave trade received Royal Assent in the British Parliament. The Act took effect on 1 May 1807. [UK Parliament]
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Slavery; London, England; United Kingdom; Haiti; Dominican Republic | ||
1808 5 Jan | Birth of Muhammad Mírzá (later Sháh), son of Crown Prince `Abbás Mírzá and grandson of Fath-`Alí Sháh. | Muhammad Sháh; Abbas Mírzá; Fath-`Alí Sháh; - Shahs; Qajar dynasty; Births and deaths; Iran | ||
c. 1812 | Birth of Mullá Muhammad-`Alíy-i-Zanjání, Hujjat. | Hujjat; Births and deaths; Iran | ||
c. 1813 | Birth of Muhammad Husayn-i-Bushrú'í (Mullá Husayn).
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Mulla Husayn; Births and deaths; - Letters of the Living; Bushrúyih, Iran; Iran | ||
1815 (Dates undetermined) | Early history of the House of the Báb
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Báb, House of (Shiraz); Aqa Mírzá Muhammad Rida; Fatimih Bagum; Hájí Mírzá Siyyid Ali; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
1817 (In the year) | Shaykh Ahmad traveled to Persia and visits Shíráz and Tihrán. He was in Tihrán when Bahá'u'lláh is born. [DB13] | Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsai; Shaykhism; Bahá'u'lláh, Birth of; Bahá'u'lláh, Life of (chronology); Shíráz, Iran; Tehran, Iran; Iran | ||
c. 1817 | Birth of Hand of the Cause Mullá Abu'l-Hasan-i-Ardikání (Hájí Amín), in Ardikán, near Yazd. | Hájí Amin (Abu'l-Hasan-i-Ardikani); - Hands of the Cause; Births and deaths; Ardikan, Iran; Yazd, Iran; Iran | ||
1817 (In the year) | The birth of Fátimih Umm-Salamih, Táhirih (the Pure One), Qurratu'l-'Ayn (Solace of the Eyes), Zarrín-Táj (Crown of Gold). [BBD220; GPB7, 73, 75; DB81note2]
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Tahirih (Qurratu'l-'Ayn, Zarrín-Táj); Births and deaths; - Letters of the Living; Qazvin, Iran; Iran | ||
1817 12 Nov | Birth of Mírzá Husayn `Alíy-i-Núrí (Bahá'u'lláh) in Tehran, called by Him the "Land of Tá" (Ard-i-Tá). [Bahá'í Encyclopedia Project]
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Bahá'u'lláh, Birth of; Bahá'u'lláh, Childhood of; Bahá'u'lláh, Life of (chronology); Twin Holy days; Holy days; Mírzá Buzurg; Khadijih Khanum; - Basic timeline, Condensed; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Bahá'u'lláh, Basic timeline; Births and deaths; Zoroaster (Zarathustra); Abraham; Tehran, Iran; Núr, Iran; Iran | ||
1818 May | Birth of Mullá Zaynu'l-`Ábidín (Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín), Apostle of Bahá'u'lláh, in Najafábád. | Zaynul-Muqarrabin (Mulla Zaynul-Abidin); - Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh; Births and deaths; Najaf, Iranabad, Iran; Iran | ||
1819 (In the year) | Death of Shaykh `Alí, son of Shaykh Ahmad. Shaykh Ahmad considered this loss as a sacrifice for `the Alí whose advent we all await'. [MH24] | Shaykh Ali; Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsai; Births and deaths; Sacrifice; Shaykhism; Iran | ||
1819–1831 | `Abdu'lláh Páshá became the governor of `Akká in 1819. In 1832 when the Egyptians took `Akká he surrendered and was taken to Egypt. He was freed in 1840 when the area reverted to Turkish rule. [BBD5] | `Abdu'lláh Páshá; - Governors; History (general); Akka, Israel; Palestine; Israel; Egypt | ||
1819 20 Oct | Birth of Siyyid `Alí-Muhammad (The Báb), before dawn, in Shíráz. [B32; GH13; DB14, 72]
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Báb, Birth of; Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Family of; Fatimih Bagum; Mírzá Muhammad Rida; - Basic timeline, Condensed; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Báb, Basic timeline; Holy days; Twin Holy days; Births and deaths; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
1820 (In the year) | Birth of Khadíjih Bagum (daughter of Mírzá `Alí, a merchant of Shíráz), first wife of the Báb, in Shíráz. | Khadijih Bagum (wife of the Báb); Báb, Family of; Births and deaths; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
1820 (In the year) | Birth of Ásíyih Khánum (Navváb), first wife of Bahá'u'lláh, in Yálrúd. The only daughter of Mírzá Ismá'íl. | Navvab (Asiyih Khanum); Births and deaths; Yálrúd, Iran; Iran | ||
1821 (In the year) | `Abdu'lláh Páshá built the Mansion at Bahjí. [BBD5, 42] | `Abdu'lláh Páshá; House of Bahá'u'lláh (Bahji); Bahji, Israel; Akka, Israel | ||
1822 (In the year) | Birth of Mírzá-`Alíy-i-Bárfurúshí (Quddús), the 18th Letter of the Living in Barfurush (now called Babol). | Quddus; - Letters of the Living; Births and deaths; Babul (Barfurush), Iran; Iran; Babul (Barfurush), Iran | ||
c. 1823 | Bahá'u'lláh's father dreamed that his son was swimming in a sea with multitudes of fish clinging to the strands of His hair. He related this dream to a soothsayer, who prophesied that Bahá'u'lláh will achieve supremacy over the world. [DB199–20] | Bahá'u'lláh, Life of (chronology); Bahá'u'lláh, Childhood of; Bahá'u'lláh, Family of; Mírzá Buzurg; Dreams and visions; Hair (general); Fishes (metaphor); Seas and oceans (metaphor); - Basic timeline, Expanded; Iran | ||
c. 1825 | Birth of Áqá Husayn-i-Isfahání (Mishkín-Qalam), Apostle of Bahá'u'lláh and well-known calligrapher, in Shíráz. | Mishkin-Qalam; - Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
1826 27 Jun | Passing of Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsá'í, the leader of the Shaykhís, in Haddíyyih near Medina near the tomb of Muhammad, at approximately 75 years. He was buried in the cemetery of Baqí` in Medina. [B2,; M16; H20]
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Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsai; Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti; Shaykhism; In Memoriam; Births and deaths; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Medina, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia | ||
1828 (In the year) | Passing of Mírzá Muhammad Ridá, the father of the Báb.
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Mírzá Muhammad Rida; Hájí Mírzá Siyyid Ali; Báb, Family of; Báb, Uncles of; - Uncles; Báb, Life of (chronology); In Memoriam; Births and deaths; Báb, Basic timeline; Mubarak; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
1828 10 Feb | Defeat of the Persians at the hands of the Russians. The Russo-Persian War of 1826–28 was the last major military conflict between the Russian Empire and Iran. The war ended following the occupation of Tabriz and had even more disastrous results for Persia than the 1804-1813 war. The ensuing Treaty of Turkmenchay, signed on 10 February 1828 in Torkamanchay, Iran, stripped Persia of its last remaining territories in the Caucasus, which comprised all of modern Armenia, the southern remainder of modern Azerbaijan, and modern Igdir in Turkey. Through the Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties Persia had lost all of its territories in the Caucasus to Russia making them the unquestioned dominant power in the region. [BBRSM55] | Russo-Persian War; War; History (general); Iran, General history; Tabríz, Iran; Turkmenchay, Iran; Iran | ||
1829 29 Mar | Birth of Áqá Muhammad-i-Qá'iní (Nabíl-i-Akbar), Apostle of Bahá'u'lláh, in Naw-Firist, near Bírjand. He died on the 5th of July 1892 in Bukhara, Russian Turkistan (now Uzbekistan). He was referred to as a Hand of the Cause by 'Abdu'l-Bahá posthumously. [Bahá'í Encyclopedia Project; MoFp1] | Nabil-i-Akbar (Aqa Muhammed-i-Qaini); - Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh; Births and deaths; Hands of the Cause, referred to as such by `Abdu'l-Bahá; Naw-Firist, Iran; Bírjand, Iran; Iran | ||
c. 1830 | Marriage of Táhirih to her cousin Mullá Muhammad, the son of Mullá Taqí. [TB25] | Weddings; Tahirih (Qurratu'l-'Ayn, Zarrín-Táj); Mulla Muhammad; Mulla Taqi; Iran | ||
1830 Jan c. | Birth of Hájí Mírzá Muhammad Taqí Afnán (Vakílu'd-Dawlih), maternal uncle of the Báb, who supervised and largely paid for the building of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkár in `Ishqábád. | Hájí Muhammad-Taqi Afnan (Vakilud-Dawlih); Afnan; Báb, Family of; Vakilud-Dawlih; Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, Ishqabad; Births and deaths; Ashgabat; Turkmenistan | ||
c. 1831 | Birth of Mírzá Yahyá (Subh-i-Azal), half brother of Bahá'u'lláh. | Mírzá Yahya (Subh-i-Azal); Births and deaths; Bahá'u'lláh, Family of; Mazandaran, Iran; Iran | ||
1831 – 1840 | Egyptian occupation of `Akká. [BBR202; DH128; Colonialism, Nationalism and Jewish Immigration to Palestine:
Abdu'l-Baha's Viewpoints Regarding the Middle East by Kamran Ekbal p3, 20]
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History (general); `Abdu'lláh Páshá; Akka, Israel; Palestine; Israel; Egypt; Turkey | ||
1831 (In the year) | At the age of 12 Mulla Husayn finished his studies in Bushíhr and went to Mashhad, the most prestigious centre of religious study in Iran. In 1830-1 he relocated to Karbala to study under Siyyid Kázim. Mashhad is where the remains of the Eighth Imám, 'Alí Ibn Musa'r-Ridá are enshrined in the holiest Shi'ih site in Iran. [MH7-8; MH113] | Mulla Husayn; Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti; Karbala, Iraq; Iraq; Mashhad, Iran; Bushihr, Iran; Iran | ||
1831 17 Jul | Birth of Násiri'd-Dín Mírzá, later Sháh. | Nasirid-Din Sháh; Qajar dynasty; Births and deaths; Iran | ||
1831 29 Jul | Birth of Nabíl-i-A`zam, Muhammad-i-Zarandí, Apostle of Bahá'u'lláh. ["Nabil-e Aʿẓam Zarandi, Mollā Moḥammad," by Vahid Rafati, Encyclopædia Iranica] | Nabil-i-Azam; - Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh; Births and deaths; Zarand, Iran; Iran | ||
1832 (In the year) | The first of the American missionaries went to Persia to explore the possibility of establishing a base for the activities of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. The work of many others who succeeded him continued until 1934 when the government imposed regulations that drastically restricted the nature of their educational work in Iran. Although the missionaries were successful in educational and medical work they failed in their main objective, which was to evangelize not only Persia, but all of Asia. However, their schools, colleges and hospitals had contributed to the diffusion of western ideals and the standard of education. They established an educational system from the primary to the college level in a country that had no secular education system. [American Missionaries in Iran, 1834-1934 by Mansoori, Ahmad] iiiii | Christian missionaries; Iran | ||
1834 9 Sep | The end of the reign of Fath-`Alí Sháh and the accession of his grandson, Muhammad Sháh. [B7; BBD83, 164; BBR153, 482]
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Fath-`Alí Sháh; Muhammad Sháh; - Shahs; - Grand Viziers; - Prime Ministers of Iran; - Prime Ministers; Hájí Mírzá Aqasi; Iran, General history; Iran | ||
1835 (In the year) | Birth of Mírzá Áqá Ján-i-Kashání (Khadimu'lláh), Apostle of Bahá'u'lláh and His amanuensis. | Mírzá Aqa Jan (Khadimu'lláh); Amanuensis; - Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh; Births and deaths | ||
1835 (In the year) | Birth of Hájí Siyyid Muhammad-Husayn, Mahbúbu'sh-Shuhadá' (`Beloved of Martyrs'), in Isfahán. | Mírzá Muhammad-Husayn (Beloved of Martyrs); King of Martyrs and Beloved of Martyrs; Births and deaths; Isfahan, Iran; Iran | ||
1835 Oct | Marriage of Mírzá Husayn-`Alí (Bahá'u'lláh) to Ásíyih Khánum. [BKG23; RB1:382]
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Bahá'u'lláh, Life of (chronology); Bahá'u'lláh, Wives of; Weddings; Navvab (Asiyih Khanum); Bahá'u'lláh, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded | ||
1835 - 1836 | Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad (the Báb) moved to Bushihr to manage his uncles' business interests in that city. He stayed there for five or six years. [HotD19, DB77note1, Bab39-41] | Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Shop of; Business; Báb, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Bushihr, Iran; Iran | ||
1835 Nov c. | Hájí Mírzá Áqásí, the former tutor of the Shah became the Prime Minister of Persia. His inexperience in administration and finance combined with entrenched corruption, incompetence and a soaring budget deficit in the government nearly bankrupted the country making it ripe for revolution.
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- Prime Ministers of Iran; - Prime Ministers; Hájí Mírzá Aqasi; Iran | ||
1836 (In the year) | The Carmelite Monastery and church were constructed near the cave of Elijah. It was influential in attracting Christians to Haifa. [SYHp9] | Carmelite monastery, Israel; Stella Maris monastery, Haifa; Haifa, Israel; Mount Carmel | ||
1837 (In the year) | Birth of Hájí Siyyid Muhammad-Hasan, Sultánu'sh-Shuhadá' (`King of Martyrs'), in Isfahán. | Mírzá Muhammad-Hasan (King of Martyrs); King of Martyrs and Beloved of Martyrs; Births and deaths; Isfahan, Iran; Iran | ||
c. 1837 | Birth of Mírzá Muhammad Mustafáy-i-Baghdádí, Apostle of Bahá'u'lláh, in Iraq. | Muhammad Mustafa Baghdadi; - Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh; Births and deaths; Iraq | ||
1838 (In the year) | Manúchihr Khán was appointed Governor of Isfahán. [BBR167] | Manuchihr Khan; - Governors; Isfahan, Iran; Iran | ||
1839 (In the year) | Passing of Mírzá Buzurg. His body was taken to Najaf, Iraq where he was interred. [BBD49; BKG17; BNE23–4]
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Mírzá Buzurg; Bahá'u'lláh, Family of; Bahá'u'lláh, Life of (chronology); In Memoriam; Births and deaths; Cemeteries and graves; Bahá'u'lláh, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Najaf, Iran; Iraq | ||
1839 (In the year) | Defeat of Persia at the hands of the British. [BBRSM55] | War; British history; History (general); Iran, General history; Iran | ||
1839 | As the eldest son, after the passing of Mírzá Buzurg, Bahá'u'lláh assumed His place as the head of the family. According to the custom He was expected to succeed to His father's position in the Ministry but He refused. One of His first acts as the head of the family was to free the slaves who were engaged in serving the household. All took the liberty to leave but Isfandíyár and one woman elected to remain in service. [SoW Vol IX, April 28, 1918 p38-39, CH41] |
Isfandiyar; Slavery; Mírzá Buzurg; Bahá'u'lláh, Life of (chronology); Bahá'u'lláh, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Iran | ||
1840 (In the year) | The British fleet took `Akká from the Egyptians. [BBR202] | History (general); Akka, Israel; Israel; Egypt; United Kingdom | ||
1841 (In the year) | Siyyid `Alí Muhammad (the Báb) went Karbalá where He attended the lectures of Siyyid Kázim-i-Rashtí, Shaykh Ahmad's successor. From Karbalá He went to Najaf before returning to Shíráz. [DB26-30; Bab42–4; MH25; RB3:254; SBBH15]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti; Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsai; Shaykhism; Báb, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Najaf, Iran; Karbala, Iraq; Iraq | ||
1842 - 1843 | Birth of Hájí Ákhúnd (Mullá `Alí-Akbar Shahmírzádí), (d. 4 March 1910 in Tehran) in Shahmírzád, near Semnān [Simnán]. He was named a Hand of the Cause by Bahá'u'lláh. [Bahá'í Encylopedia Project; EB266; MoF9-12] | Hájí Ákhúnd (Mullá `Alí-Akbar-i-Shahmírzádí); - Hands of the Cause; Hands appointed by Bahá'u'lláh; Births and deaths; Births and deaths; Shahmirzad, Iran; Iran | ||
1842 Aug | The marriage of Siyyid `Alí Muhammad (the Báb) in Shíráz to Khadíjih-Bagum (b. 1821) the daughter of Mirzá 'Ali, a merchant of Shiraz. She had been a childhood friend and sometimes playmate. Their family homes were adjacent. [Bab46; BBD28, 127; BKG402; RB2:382; DoH107; DB76note3]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Family of; Weddings; Khadijih Bagum (wife of the Báb); Báb, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Báb, House of (Shiraz); Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
1843 (In the year) | Birth of Ahmad, son of the Báb. He passed away shortly after he was born (or was still-born). [Bab46-47; DB76note4; 77; KBWB6-9]
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Ahmad (son of the Báb); Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Family of; Cemeteries and graves; Births and deaths; In Memoriam; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
1843 10 Jan | The Báb dreamed that He drank a few drops of blood from the wounds of the martyred Imám Husayn. After this dream He felt that the Spirit of God had taken possession of His soul. At this moment He received intimation that He was to be a Manifestation of God. [GPB92; BBRSM14; DB253, HotD23-24]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Dreams and visions; Blood; Imam Husayn; Khadijih Bagum (wife of the Báb); Remover of Difficulties (invocation); - Invocations; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
1843 10 Jan | The sacking of the holy city of Karbalá at the hands of the Turks. Thousands of its citizens were killed even those who had taken refuge in the Shrines of Imám Husayn or 'Abbás. [BBRSM55, HotD10, DB36-37] | Ottoman Empire; War; History (general); Karbala, Iraq; Iraq | ||
1843 5 Feb | Great March Comet or Great Comet of 1843 was first "discovered". It passed closest to Earth on March 6, 1843, and was at its greatest brilliance the following day. When at its greatest brilliance, it was visible only from southern latitudes. For a few hours on February 28, it outshone any comet seen in the previous seven centuries. The tail of the comet holds the record for actual extent. It is estimated to have stretched 300 million kilometres (or 2 astronomical units). It was last observed on April 19, 1843. At that time this comet had passed closer to the Sun than any other known object. [Great Comet in History; Notes from Baha'i History; Academic; Wikipedia; Thief in the Night p193-196]
Another comet seemed to reappear at significant times in history. The first recorded sighting for the comet that came to be known as Biela's Comet was made in 1772 with a second appearance in 1805. In 1826 Wilhelm von Biela and others contributed to work to determine that it was indeed the same comet making reappearances in elliptical orbit with an orbital period of 6.6 years. In the 1845-1846 appearance astronomers were surprised to see that the comet had split into two pieces. By 1852 only one nucleus remained visible. The 1859 apparition was very unfavourable but that of 1865-1866 was more visible. Astronomers believed that the comet had broken up and accounted for an unusual number of meteor showers. At the comet's next return in 1872 a major meteor storm occurred on the 27th of November with hourly rates of 3,000 per hour. Intense meteor displays were also noted in 1885 (15,000/hr), and 1892 (6,000/hr). [Cometography; Thief in the Night p195-196; Release the Sun p217-219] |
Comets; Falling stars; Signs | ||
1843 31 Dec | Passing of Siyyid Kázim-i-Rashtí, the disciple and self-proclaimed successor of Shaykh Ahmad, in Karbalá. Because Siyyid Kázim designated no successor, within a short period of time the Shaykhí school was split into several factions. The two largest were grouped around Siyyid `Alí Muhammad and Hájí Mullá Muhammad Karím Khán Kirmání. The first faction moved away from the outward practice of Islám towards a development of inner realities and ultimately a new revelation. The second emphasized the continuing role of the Prophets and the Imáms and sought acceptance from the Shí'í majority which had formerly excommunicated Shaykh Ahmad and Siyyid Kázim. [BBD126–7; MH26; SBBH1; TB6, Sayyid Kazim Rashti by Moojan Momen]
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Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti; Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsai; Shaykhism; Siyyid Ali Muhammad; Hájí Mulla Muhammad Karim Khan Kirmani; Shia Islam (Shiism); In Memoriam; Births and deaths; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Karbala, Iraq; Iraq | ||
1844 (In the year) | Birth of Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl-i-Gulpáygání, Apostle of Bahá'u'lláh, in Gulpáygán. | Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl Gulpaygani; - Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh; Births and deaths; Gulpaygan, Iran; Iran | ||
1844 10 Jan | The arrival of Táhirih in Karbilá. She had learned of the views of Shaykh Ahmad and Siyyid Kázim and had corresponded with the latter from whom she received her name, Qurratu'l-Ayn, meaning "Solace of the Eyes". Against the wishes of her family she had left her home to join the circle of his students but arrived in Karbilá ten days after his passing. Convinced that the Promised One would soon appear she stayed on in that city as Siyyid Kázim's disciples were departing in their search. To one of them, her brother-in-law, Mírzá Muhammad-i-Alíy-i-Qazvíní, she gave a sealed letter and told him to deliver it to the One Sought. This he did and the Báb recognized her as one of the Letters of the Living. [B25-26; DB81note2]
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Tahirih (Qurratu'l-'Ayn, Zarrín-Táj); Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsai; Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti; Mullá Muhammad-i-`Alíy-i-Qazvíní; - Letters of the Living; Karbala, Iraq; Iraq | ||
1844 22 Jan | Mullá Husayn returned to Karbilá after a journey of two years in Persia. He had been on a mission in Isfahán and Mashhad where he had successfully defended the views of his master, Siyyid Kázim, before the leading clerics of those cities. [MH49]
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Mulla Husayn; Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti; Karbala, Iraq; Isfahan, Iran; Mashhad, Iran; Najaf, Iran; Bushihr, Iran; Shíráz, Iran; Iraq; Iran | ||
1844 7 Feb | Birth of Shaykh Kázim-i-Samandarí, Apostle of Bahá'u'lláh, in Qazvín. | Shaykh Kazim-i-Samandari; - Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh; Births and deaths; Qazvin, Iran; Iran | ||
1844 21 Mar | Edict of Toleration was issued by the Sultan of Turkey: The Muslim government of the Ottoman Empire was compelled by the Western Powers, notably Britain and France, to grant religious tolerance to all nations within its borders. Broader questions of religious tolerance, such as might presumably involve Jewish land rights and Jewish immigration are not mentioned in the Edict. [Sours (below) p9]
To set the context, this came during the period known as "Tanzimat" (lit. Reorganization) 1838 to 1876. The Tanzimat era was characterised by various attempts to modernise the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers. The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire and attempted to stem the tide of the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire. During the Tanzimat period, the government's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern conscripted army, banking system reforms, the decriminalization of homosexuality, the replacement of religious law with secular law and guilds with modern factories. The Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul in 1840. [Wikipedia] The fulfillment of the prophecies of Christ and of the Bible has been over a period of a hundred years or more matter of common knowledge and remark in the West. But the full extent of that fulfillment is only seen in Bahá'u'lláh. The proclamation of His Faith was made in 1844, the year when the strict exclusion of the Jews from their own land enforced by the Muslims for some twelve centuries was at last relaxed by the Edict of Toleration and "the times of the Gentiles" were "fulfilled." [GPBiv Introduction by George Townshend]
Michael Sours makes the point that there have been some Christian notions that have been adopted uncritically by a number of Bahá'í apologists that cannot be supported: 1. That Jews were strictly excluded from Palestine for 1,260 years prior to 1844 2. That Muslim Authorities were responsible for this exclusion 3. That the 1844 Edict ended the exclusion and enabled Jews to immigrate to Palestine 4. That the Edict brought about the fulfilment of the prophecy concerning the "times of the Gentiles". By extension it was the Christian maltreatment of Jews in Europe and elsewhere that prompted the large migration in the 19th and particularly in the 20th century. [Sours p77] |
Edict of Toleration; Jews; - Judaism; History (general); Prophecies; Israel; Palestine; Istanbul, Turkey; Turkey | ||
1844 3 Apr | In Kitáb Fihrist, the Báb stated that the first descent of Spirit on Him was on 15th of the third month (Rabi ul Awal) of AH 1260 [3 April 1844]. [The Genesis of the Bâbí-Baháʼí Faiths in Shíráz and Fárs pp. 20–22] | Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Declaration of; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
1844 22 May | Declaration of the Báb's Mission
Two hours and eleven minutes after sunset Siyyid `Alí-Muhammad made His declaration to Mullá Husayn-i-Bushrú'í in the upper room of His House. [DB52-65] "I am, I am, I am, the promised One! I am the One whose name you have for a thousand years invoked, at whose mention you have risen, whose advent you have longed to witness, and the hour of whose Revelation you have prayed God to hasten. Verily I say, it is incumbent upon the peoples of both the East and the West to obey My word and to pledge allegiance to My person." [DB315-316]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Declaration of; Holy days; * Báb, Writings of; Mulla Husayn; Qayyumul-Asma (book); Surih of Joseph; Tahirih (Qurratu'l-'Ayn, Zarrín-Táj); Báb, Life of (chronology); Cycles; Ages and Epochs; Heroic age; Qaim; Promised One; - Basic timeline, Condensed; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Báb, Basic timeline; Mubarak; - Letters of the Living; Fiddih; Báb, House of (Shiraz); 1844; Prophecies; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
1844 23 May | The birth of `Abdu'l-Bahá in a rented house near the Shimrán Gate in Tihrán. He was born at midnight. [AB9, SoG3-4]
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`Abdu'l-Bahá, Life of (chronology); Bahá'u'lláh, Life of (chronology); Báb, Declaration of; Births and deaths; Bahá'u'lláh, Basic timeline; `Abdu'l-Bahá, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Names and titles; Tehran, Iran; Iran | ||
1844 24 May | F.B. Morse sent the first telegraphic message over an experimental line from Washington D.C. to Baltimore; the message said: "What hath God wrought?" which is a verse from The Book of Numbers 23:23. Also see The Book of Job 38:35 where it says "Canst thou send lightnings, that they may go and say unto thee, Here we are?" [Thief in the Night or The Strange Case of the Missing Millennium by William Sears p3-4] | Communication; Telegraph; Morse code; Firsts, other; History (general); Washington, DC, USA; Baltimore, MD; USA | ||
1844 Jul - Aug | Forty days after the Declaration of the Báb, the second Letter of the Living, Mullá `Alíy-i-Bastámí, had a vision that led him to Mullá Husayn and he accepted the Báb. During this period of waiting for the second person to recognize the Báb, He called Mulla Husayn to His house several times. He always came at night and stayed until dawn. [HotD41; Bahá'í Encyclopedia].
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Declaration of; Mulla Ali Bastami; Dreams and visions; Mulla Husayn; - Letters of the Living; Quddus; Tahirih (Qurratu'l-'Ayn, Zarrín-Táj); Báb, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Iran | ||
1844 Jul - Aug | The intention of the Báb was to introduce the new Revelation slowly so as not to cause estrangement. He instructed the Letters of the Living to spread out and teach His Faith and to this end He assigned each one a special task, most often to their own native provinces. This is analogous to Christ's instructions to His disciples. He instructed them to record the name of every believer who embraced the Faith and to send their lists to His uncle, Hájí Mírzá 'Alí in Shíráz in a sealed envelope. His intention was to classify these lists once received into 18 sets of names with 19 names each (one Vahid meaning "Unity"). A list with the names of 18 Letters of the Living plus His own name would constitute the 19th set making one Kull-i-Shay (meaning "all things" with a value of 361). Thus fourteen Letters of the Living were dispatched; only Mullá Husayn and Quddús remained with Him. [BBRSM14–16, 36; SWB119; BBR2p36; DB92–4, 123; MH82–6; SBBH1:19]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); * Báb, Writings of; Báb, Speech to the Letters of the Living; - Letters of the Living; Mulla Husayn; Bahá'u'lláh, Life of (chronology); Tablet to Bahá'u'lláh; - Shahs; Mulla Jafar (sifter of wheat); Muhammad Sháh; Sultán `Abdu'l-Majid; First believers; - Letters of the Living; Báb, Basic timeline; Bahá'u'lláh, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Kull-i-Shay; Kashan, Iran; Shíráz, Iran; Isfahan, Iran; Tehran, Iran; Mazandaran, Iran; Khurásán, Iran; Qom, Iran; Iran; Turkey | ||
1844 Jul - Aug | To promote the Cause of the Báb, Bahá'u'lláh immediately journeyed to the village of Tákur in the province of Mázindarán, His native province. As a result Mázindarán in general and Núr in particular were the first among the provinces and districts of Persia to embrace the new Cause. [DB109-117] | Bahá'u'lláh, Life of (chronology); Bahá'u'lláh, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Takur, Iran; Iran | ||
1844 11 Aug | The Báb sent Mullá `Alíy-i-Bastámí to Najaf and Karbalá to proclaim His Cause among the Shaykhís. In Najaf Mullá `Alí delivered a letter from the Báb to Shaykh Muhammad-Hasan Najafí, the leading Shí`í divine and the keeper of the shrines in Iraq. [BBRSM15; DB87-91; SBBH20–1, HotD46]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Mulla Ali Bastami; Ulama; Persecution, Iraq; - Persecution, Arrests; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; Shaykhism; Firsts, other; Trials; Court cases; - Persecution, Court cases; - Letters of the Living; Istanbul, Turkey; Turkey; Iraq; Baghdad, Iraq; Najaf, Iran; Karbala, Iraq | ||
1844 10 Sep | The Báb left Shiraz for Bushihr and arrived on the 19th of September. [The Genesis of the Bábi-Bahá'í Faiths in Shíráz and Fárs p35 by A. Rabbani] | Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Shíráz, Iran; Bushihr, Iran | ||
1844 30 Sep | The Báb received the letter from Mullá Husayn giving Him details of his journey and meeting with Bahá'u'lláh and others he had contacted. See DB126-128 for information on the letter and the affect it had on the Báb.
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Mulla Husayn; Bahá'u'lláh, Life of (chronology); - Letters of the Living; Shíráz, Iran; Bushihr, Iran; Iran | ||
1844 Oct | Pigrimage of the Báb The Báb, Quddús (Hájí Mullá Muhammad-`Alíy-i-Barfurúshí) and the Báb's Ethiopian servant, Mubarak, left Shíráz for Búshihr en route to Mecca. The journey took ten days. [Bab57; DB129; MH119] |
Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Quddus; Servants; Mubarak; - Letters of the Living; Báb, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Iran; Saudi Arabia; Shíráz, Iran; Bushihr, Iran; Mecca, Saudi Arabia | ||
1844 2 or 3 Oct | The Báb departed from Búshihr on His pilgrimage. [Bab57; MH119, 121, GPB9]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Mulla Husayn; Ships; Industrial Revolution; Karbala, Iraq; Iraq; Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia; Muscat, Oman | ||
1844 (In the year) | A senior cleric, a convert to the new faith of the Báb, arrived in Yemen through the then internationally renowned Al-Mokha port. [Arab News 20/11/2020] | Yemen | ||
1844 c. Dec | The Báb and His companions arrived in Jiddah after a rough sea voyage of two months. There they put on the garb of the pilgrim and proceed to Mecca by camel. [Bab71; DB129, 132]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Quddus; Ships; Camels; Saddlebag (novel); - Missing, lost or destroyed Writings; Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia; Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia | ||
1844 12 Dec | The Báb arrived in Mecca and performed the rites of pilgrimage in company with 100,000 other pilgrims. [GPB9]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Báb, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia | ||
1844 20 - 21 Dec | The Báb offered 19 lambs as a sacrifice in the prescribed manner, nine in His own name, seven in the name of Quddús and three in the name of Mubarak, His Ethiopian servant, distributing the meat to the poor and needy. [B71; DB133] | Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Quddus; Mubarak; Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia | ||
1844 c. 20 Dec | The Báb made a declaration of His mission by standing at the Ka`bih, holding the ring of the door and repeating three times that He is the Qá'im.
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Kaaba (Mecca); Qaim; Mírzá Muhammad-Husayn-i-Kirmani (Muhit); Mírzá Muhit; Shaykhism; Sharif of Mecca; Báb, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded; * Báb, Writings of; Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia | ||
1845 c. Jan | Crowds gathered in Karbalá in response to the Báb's summons, among them was Táhirih. [BabI62; BBRSM15, 215; SBBH1:22] | Báb, Life of (chronology); Tahirih (Qurratu'l-'Ayn, Zarrín-Táj); Karbala, Iraq; Iraq | ||
1845 7 Jan | The Báb departed Mecca. [The Genesis of the Bábi-Bahá'í Faiths in Shíráz and Fárs p35 by A. Rabbani] | Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Mecca, Saudi Arabia | ||
1845 10 Jan | The beginning of the Islamic new year. Messianic fervour grew, particularly among Shaykhís. [BBRSM15] | Prophecies; Shaykhism; - Islam; Interfaith dialogue; - Middle East; Iran; Iraq | ||
1845 13 Jan | The trial of Mullá `Alíy-i-Bastámí in Baghdád. A fatwá is issued in Baghdád against both Mullá `Alíy-i-Bastámí and the Báb, condemning the Báb, who is unnamed in the fatwá, to death as an unbeliever. [Bab64; BBRSM15, 215; SBBH21, 22] | Trials; Mulla Ali Bastami; Fatwa; Persecution, Iraq; - Persecution, Court cases; - Persecution; Court cases; Baghdad, Iraq; Iraq | ||
1845 16 Jan | The Báb arrived in Medina from Mecca.
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Epistle between Two Shrines; Medina, Saudi Arabia; Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia | ||
1845 12 Feb | The Báb left Medina for Jiddah arriving on the 24th of February. [MS2; The Genesis of the Bábi-Bahá'í Faiths in Shíráz and Fárs p35 by A. Rabbani] | Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Medina, Saudi Arabia; Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia | ||
1845 27 Feb | The Báb left Jiddah. [MS2]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Mulla Ali Bastami; Trials; * Báb, Writings of; Imam of Muscat; Court cases; - Persecution, Court cases; Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia; Muscat, Oman; Oman | ||
1845 Feb - Mar | The Báb returned to Búshihr. He sent Quddús to Shíráz with a letter addressed to His uncle Hájí Mírzá Siyyid `Alí who, upon receiving it, embraced his Nephew's Cause, the first, after the Letters of the Living, to do so in Shíráz. The Báb also entrusted Quddús with a treatise for him entitled Khasá'il-i-Sab`ih (`the Seven Qualifications') and promised him his impending martyrdom. Later he gave his life as one of the Seven Martyrs of Tehran, see 1850 19 or 20 Feb. [Bab77–8; DB142–3; MS2, GPB9-10]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Báb, Pilgrimage of; Báb, Family of; Báb, Uncles of; - Uncles; Quddus; Hájí Mírzá Siyyid Ali; Dhasail-i-Sabih (Seven Qualifications); Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Deaths; - Persecution; First believers; * Báb, Writings of; Bushihr, Iran; Iran; Shíráz, Iran | ||
1845 c. 16 Apr | Mullá `Alíy-i-Bastámí was removed from his prison cell in Baghdád and taken to Istanbul, where he was sentenced to hard labour in the imperial naval dockyard. | Mulla Ali Bastami; Persecution, Iraq; Persecution, Turkey; - Persecution, Arrests; - Persecution; Istanbul, Turkey; Turkey; Baghdad, Iraq; Iraq | ||
1845 c. Jun | After expelling Mullá Husayn and Mullá Sádiq the governor of Fárs, Hasayn Khán-i-Irváni ordered that the Báb, the instigator of the commotion, be arrested and brought to Shíráz. [Bab84; BW18:380; DB148–50; GPB11] |
- Governors; Husayn Khan; Quddus; Ismullahul-Asdaq (Mulla Sadiq Khurasani); Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Arrests; - Persecution; Báb, Life of (chronology); - Persecution; Bushihr, Iran; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
1845 28 Jun | Prince Dolgorukov was appointed Russian ambassador to Tihrán. He was previously first secretary of the Russian legation at Constantinople. He arrived in Tihrán in January 1846.
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Prince Dolgorukov; - Ambassadors; History (general); Iran, General history; Istanbul, Turkey; Turkey; Tehran, Iran; Iran; Russia | ||
1845 30 Jun | At Dálakí, some 40 miles northeast of the Búshíhr, the Báb met the soldiers of the governor of Fárs who had been sent to arrest Him. He was escorted to Shíráz. [Bab84, 105; BBR170; BBRSM216; DB148–9; GPB11; TN6, SBBH1pxxv111; The Genesis of the Bábi-Bahá'í Faiths in Shíráz and Fárs p35-36 by A. Rabbani]
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Báb, Life of (chronology); Persecution, Iran; - Persecution, Arrests; - Persecution; Dalaki, Iran; Fars, Iran; Shíráz, Iran; Iran | ||
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