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SINCE ASCII TEXT DOES NOT ALLOW FOR ITALICIZED TEXT, ALL ITALICIZED PARAGRAPHS, WHICH ARE NON-SACRED PASSAGES AND COMMENTS, HAVE BEEN DEMARCATED BY THIS SYMBOL: /// Example: /// Dear Baha'i Friends, /// To assist Local Spiritual Assemblies in their efforts to rise to the new stage in the exercise of their responsibilities, "Developing Distinctive Baha'i Communities: Guidelines for Spiritual Assemblies" has been revised and the National Spiritual Assembly is pleased to provide you with this publication as a ready reference to facilitate your consultations. ----------------------------------------- DEVELOPING DISTINCTIVE BAHA'I COMMUNITIES GUIDELINES FOR SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLIES Page ii Office of Assembly Development, Evanston, Illinois 60201 Copyright (c) 1998 by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States All rights reserved. Published 1998 Cover design by Pepper Oldziey Copyright 1989 by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States All rights reserved. Published 1989 Printed in the United States of America +iii Contents PREFACE XVII Part One THE INSTITUTION OF THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY 1 THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY 1.1 SPIRITUAL FOUNDATION 1.1 The Covenant and the Administrative Order 1.1 The Uniqueness of the Administrative Order 1.2 Divine Nature of the Administrative Order 1.2 Development of Local Spiritual Assemblies 1.3 THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY AND THE BAHA'I COMMUNITY 1.6 Qualities of Assembly Members 1.6 THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY AND ITS RELATION TO OTHER INSTITUTIONS 1.10 The National Spiritual Assembly 1.10 The Institution of the Learned 1.12 Suggested Readings 1.18 2 THE FORMATION OF THE ASSEMBLY 2.1 FORMING THE ASSEMBLY 2.1 Obligation to Form 2.1 When to Form 2.1 Annual Meeting 2.2 ELECTION PROCESS 2.5 The Spirit and Character of Baha'i Elections 2.5 Qualifications for Membership 2.6 Eligibility 2.8 Voting 2.11 Policy of National Spiritual Assembly 2.14 Counting the Ballots 2.14 Election Results and Recognition 2.15 Joint Declaration 2.17 Registration of a Baha'i Group 2.18 +iv By-Elections 2.18 Jeopardized Assemblies 2.19 JURISDICTION 2.20 A Baha'i Locality 2.20 Baha'i Boundaries Determined by Civil Boundaries 2.20 Annexed Areas 2.21 Area of Jurisdiction 2.21 3 ORGANIZATION OF THE ASSEMBLY 3.1 MEANING OF ORGANIZATION 3.1 MEETINGS AND MEMBERSHIP 3.1 Meetings 3.1 Election of Officers 3.3 Duties of Officers 3.5 Dissatisfaction with Officers 3.8 Attendance 3.8 Resignation 3.10 Removal from Assembly Membership 3.11 DUTIES AND GOALS 3.12 Duties of Assembly 3.12 Systematic Planning and Execution 3.13 Committees 3.15 Using Non-Baha'i Experts/Agencies 3.17 Public Information Representatives and Committees 3.17 ASSEMBLY COMMUNICATIONS 3.18 Record-keeping 3.18 Correspondence 3.20 Archives 3.24 Local Publications 3.25 LEGAL BASIS 3.26 Incorporation 3.26 Insurance 3.27 Suggested Readings 3.28 Appendix A 3.29 Appendix B 3.30 Appendix C 3.31 4 CONSULTATION 4.1 THE NATURE OF CONSULTATION 4.1 Source of Guidance and Understanding 4.1 Consultation in All Things 4.1 +v Consultation and the Divine Institutions 4.2 Conditions Necessary for Effective Consultation 4.2 If Necessary Conditions Not Present 4.3 THE PROCESS OF CONSULTATION 4.3 Investigation of Truth 4.3 The Role of Spiritual Principles 4.4 Elements of Consultative Discussion 4.4 REACHING A DECISION 4.6 Additional Facts May be Necessary 4.6 Ideal to Arrive at Unanimous Decision 4.7 No Dissenting Votes in the Cause 4.7 Abstaining Does Not Exist in Baha'i Voting 4.7 A Motion Is Not Required 4.7 AFTER A DECISION IS REACHED 4.7 Majority Decision Must be Upheld 4.7 If Majority View is Wrong 4.8 Reconsideration of a Decision 4.9 Appeal of a Decision 4.9 CONSULTATION WITH OTHERS 4.9 Fact-Gathering 4.9 Assign Counseling to Individuals or Committees 4.10 Personal Consultation with Assembly Members 4.10 Non-Assembly Members in Attendance Assembly Not Only Channel to Which Baha'is May Turn 4.11 Consultation Differs from Confession 4.11 Confidentiality 4.12 Members of Assemblies Who Are Also Assistants to Auxiliary Board Members 4.12 THE INDIVIDUAL: FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND CRITICISM 4.13 Right of Individual to Self-Expression 4.13 Criticism 4.13 Suggested Readings 4.17 5 PROTECTION OF THE FAITH 5.1 REVIEWING BAHA'I LITERATURE AND MATERIALS 5.1 Purpose of Review 5.1 Role of the National Spiritual Assembly and Local Spiritual Assembly in Reviewing Publications 5.2 Criteria for Review 5.2 Materials to be Reviewed 5.2 Reverence in Relation to the Review Process 5.4 Trademarks 5.6 +vi Copyrights 5.6 THE COVENANT 5.7 Power of the Covenant 5.7 The Greater and Lesser Covenants 5.7 Perpetuation of the Covenant 5.7 The Passing of Shoghi Effendi 5.8 COVENANT-BREAKING 5.8 The Meaning of Covenant-Breaking 5.8 The Nature of Covenant-Breaking 5.8 Response of the Believers to Covenant-Breaking 5.9 The Auxiliary Boards for Protection 5.11 OPPOSITION 5.12 Opposition--Natural and Inevitable Stage in the Unfoldment of the Faith 5.12 Opposition and the Plan of God 5.12 Sources of Opposition 5.13 The Forms Opposition Will Take 5.13 The Response of the Believers to Opposition 5.14 The Response of the Assemblies to Opposition 5.15 Triumph of the Cause of God 5.16 Suggested Readings 5.17 Appendix 5.17 6 COMMUNITY MEMBERSHIP 6.1 MEMBERSHIP STATUS 6.1 Three Conditions of Baha'i Status 6.1 DECLARATION AND ENROLLMENT OF NEW BELIEVERS 6.2 Declaration 6.2 Enrollment 6.3 Special Enrollment Procedures 6.3 STATUS OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH 6.8 Children of Non-Baha'i Parents 6.8 Children of Baha'i Parents 6.8 Registration and Declaration 6.9 BAHA'I CREDENTIALS 6.12 Checking Credentials 6.12 Transfer of Membership 6.13 Special Membership Transfer Procedures 6.13 WITHDRAWAL FROM AND REINSTATEMENT OF MEMBERSHIP 6.15 +vii Handling Requests for Withdrawal 6.15 Criteria for Withdrawal 6.15 Reinstatement from Withdrawal 6.17 COMMUNITY MEMBERSHIP 6.17 Register of Vital Statistics 6.17 Community Membership List 6.18 Use of Baha'i Directories and Membership Lists 6.19 Appendix 6.19 Part Two COMMUNITY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 7 TEACHING 7.1 THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY AND TEACHING 7.1 THE NATURE OF TEACHING 7.1 Commandment of God 7.1 Divine Assistance 7.2 Three Aspects of Teaching 7.3 No Proselytizing 7.7 TEACHING AND THE INDIVIDUAL BELIEVER 7.8 The Obligation to Teach 7.8 Steps in the Process of Individual Teaching 7.8 The Role of the Individual 7.9 Why Individuals Do Not Teach--What the Assembly Can Do 7.10 TEACHING AND THE LOCAL COMMUNITY 7.12 The Family and Teaching 7.12 Youth and Teaching 7.13 Creating a Teaching Plan 7.14 Suggested Goals for Local Spiritual Assemblies 7.15 Need For Systematic Efforts 7.18 TEACHING THE MASSES / LARGE SCALE GROWTH 7.18 The Process of Teaching the Masses 7.18 Mass Conversion 7.18 Experiments in Teaching 7.21 Consultation on Mass Teaching Methods 7.21 Balance Between Local and National Projects 7.22 Guarding Against Extremes 7.22 ENROLLMENT AND SYSTEMATIC FOLLOW-UP 7.23 +viii Conditions for Enrollment 7.23 Follow-up with New Believers 7.25 TEACHING METHODS 7.26 Many Different Methods 7.26 Weaving Bonds of Friendship 7.27 Firesides 7.27 Door to Door Teaching 7.28 Other Methods 7.28 OTHER TOPICS 7.29 The Arts and Teaching 7.29 Teaching and the Role of the Learned 7.29 Pioneering 7.32 Minority Teaching 7.36 Teaching Institutes 7.38 Summer Schools 7.39 Applying the Teachings to the Needs of Society 7.40 Suggested Readings 7.41 Appendix A 7.42 Appendix B 7.43 Appendix C 7.43 Appendix D 7.45 8 THE DISTINCTIVE BAHA'I COMMUNITY 8.1 DEVELOPING A DISTINCTIVE BAHA'I COMMUNITY 8.1 Characteristics of Distinction 8.1 Purpose for a Distinctive Baha'i Community 8.1 Characteristics of a Baha'i Society 8.2 ROLE OF THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY 8.4 Responsibility of Individual Assembly Members 8.4 Unity Within the Assembly 8.5 Instruments for Establishing Unity and Harmony 8.5 Unity in Diversity 8.6 Supporting Youth Participation 8.7 HOW TO DEVELOP A DISTINCTIVE COMMUNITY LIFE 8.7 Firmness in the Covenant 8.7 Spiritual Development 8.7 Consolidation Activities 8.8 Nineteen Day Feasts 8.8 Service to Humanity 8.8 ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY 8.8 Relationship Among the Baha'is 8.8 +ix Role of Individuals 8.10 Suggested Readings 8.12 9 HOLY DAYS, FESTIVALS, THE FAST AND THE NINETEEN DAY FEAST 9.1 BAHA'I HOLY DAYS, FESTIVALS AND THE FAST 9.1 Dates 9.1 Descriptions 9.1 Preparing for the Holy Days 9.4 When to Observe 9.5 Observing the Holy Days 9.6 Suspension of Work and School 9.7 THE NINETEEN DAY FEAST 9.10 Baha'i Months and Dates of Nineteen Day Feasts 9.10 Purpose and Significance 9.10 When to Hold the Nineteen Day Feast 9.14 Where to Hold 9.15 Organization of the Feast 9.16 Attendance and Participation 9.20 Behavior of Children 9.23 Sale of Items During Feast 9.23 Promotion of Personal Businesses or Services During Feast 9.23 Music 9.23 Smoking During Feast 9.23 Unity Feasts 9.23 CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS OF OTHER RELIGIONS AND COMMUNITIES 9.25 Preserving Inherited Cultural Identities 9.25 Participation in Other Cultural/Religious Festivals 9.26 Attending Other Religious Marriage Ceremonies 9.26 SPECIAL EVENTS DAYS 9.27 Dates and Descriptions 9.27 Suggested Readings 9.28 10 THE BAHA'I FUND 10.1 THE NATURE AND PURPOSE OF THE BAHA'I FUND 10.1 Nature of the Funds 10.1 Spiritual Activity and Material Means 10.1 Purpose of the Funds 10.2 Requirements of the Cause Take Precedence Over Individual Needs 10.3 +x Four Major Funds 10.3 PRINCIPLES OF THE FUND 10.6 Obligation and Privilege 10.6 Nature of Giving 10.9 THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY AND THE FUND 10.12 Responsibilities of the Treasurer 10.13 Treasurer's Committees and Treasurer's Assistants 10.19 Budgeting, Accounting and Auditing Procedures 10.19 Fund Education 10.22 Fund Appeals 10.23 WAYS OF GIVING 10.26 To the Baha'i Funds 10.26 To Charity 10.28 Suggested Readings 10.29 Appendix A 10.31 Appendix B 10.31 Appendix C 10.33 11 BAHA'I EDUCATION 11.1 THE NATURE OF EDUCATION 11.1 Definition of Eduction 11.1 Purpose of Education 11.1 DUTIES OF THE ASSEMBLY 11.3 Incumbent to Educate the Children 11.3 Promote Knowledge and Education 11.3 Ensure the Education and Instruction of All Children 11.3 Provide Well-Planned Programs 11.4 ORGANIZATION AND METHODS OF INSTRUCTION 11.4 Teaching Qualifications 11.4 Organization and Methods 11.5 What to Teach 11.7 Steadfastness in Conducting Classes 11.10 Age to Begin Formal Children's Classes 11.10 Using the Creative Word 11.11 The Arts 11.11 Baha'i Education Programs in Local Communities 11.12 +xi BAHA'I SCHOLARSHIP 11.12 Nature of Baha'i Scholarship 11.12 Distinction Between Individual and Authoritative Interpretation 11.15 BAHA'I SCHOOLS 11.15 Primary and Secondary Schools 11.15 Centers of Baha'i Learning 11.16 Suggested Readings 11.18 Appendix A 11.19 Appendix B 11.20 Appendix C 11.21 12 EXTERNAL AFFAIRS 12.1 ASSOCIATION WITH THE NON-BAHA'I WORLD 12.1 RELATIONSHIP WITH GOVERNMENT 12.3 Loyalty to Government 12.3 Noninvolvement in Politics 12.3 Contact with Government Officials 12.5 Petitions and Letter-Writing Campaigns 12.6 RELATIONSHIP WITH PROMINENT PERSONS, OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 12.6 Contacting Prominent Persons 12.6 Association with Other Organizations 12.7 The Issue of the Death Penalty 12.9 Promoting Universal Peace 12.9 RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MEDIA 12.10 Contacting National Media 12.10 Public Image of the Faith 12.10 Letters to the Editor 12.11 Publicity 12.12 Uses of Pictures of `Abdu'l-Baha 12.12 Use of the Term "Baha'i World Faith" 12.12 Suggested Readings 12.12 Appendix 12.13 13 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 13.1 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 13.1 Mandate for Social and Economic Development Projects 13.1 +xii Project Implementation 13.11 Financing of Projects 13.12 Individual Ventures 13.13 Role of Women and Youth 13.14 POTENTIAL PROJECTS 13.14 Information and Referral 13.14 Volunteerism 13.14 Food 13.14 Housing 13.15 Shelter for the Homeless 13.15 Substance Abuse 13.15 Education 13.15 14 BAHA'I PROPERTIES 14.1 Description of Properties 14.1 The Mashriqu'l-Adkar 14.1 The Haziratu'l-Quds--National and Local 14.2 Local Baha'i Centers--Embryonic Haziratu'l-Quds 14.3 Endowments 14.3 Baha'i Cemeteries 14.4 FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE ACQUIRING A CENTER 14.4 Consider Alternatives 14.4 Statement of Purpose 14.5 Consideration of Various Factors 14.5 Technical Issues 14.6 OTHER PROPERTY ISSUES 14.13 Jurisdiction of Local Centers 14.13 Contributions 14.13 Rental of Baha'i Property 14.14 Dancing in a Baha'i Center 14.15 Use of Churches for Baha'i Functions 14.15 Reports to the National Spiritual Assembly 14.16 Suggested Readings 14.16 Part Three APPLICATION OF BAHA'I LAW 15 BAHA'I LAW AND ITS APPLICATION 15.1 +xiii NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BAHA'I LAW 15.1 Nature of the Laws 15.1 Purpose of the Laws 15.1 The Progressive Application of Baha'i Law 15.2 THE ROLE OF THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY IN UPHOLDING Baha'i LAW 15.3 Administering the Laws 15.3 Handling Violations of Baha'i Law 15.5 Removal of Administrative Rights 15.7 Meaning of Deprivation of Administrative Rights 15.9 Handling Appeals 15.11 Restoration of Administrative Rights 15.12 LAWS AND STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR SUBJECT TO ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS 15.13 Immorality 15.14 Alcohol 15.16 Use of Illegal Drugs 15.18 Political Activity 15.18 Criminal Offenses, Disobedience to Civil Laws 15.19 Criminal Matters in Which the State Claims Exclusive Interest 15.20 Membership in Other Organizations 15.20 Gambling, Lotteries 15.21 Behavior that Damages the Reputation of the Faith or Causes Disunity 15.22 Laws Not Presently Binding Upon the Western Believers 15.24 OBEDIENCE TO THE LAWS 15.24 Importance of Obedience 15.24 Effect of Obedience 15.24 Effect of Disobedience 15.25 Obedience Will Necessarily Impose Hardships 15.25 LAWS BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL AND GOD 15.25 Read the Sacred Writings Daily 15.26 Prayer 15.26 Fasting 15.26 Huququ'llah 15.28 Suggested Readings 15.29 Appendix 15.29 16 MARRIAGE 16.1 THE INSTITUTION OF MARRIAGE 16.1 ENGAGEMENT 16.1 +xiv Purpose of Engagement 16.1 95-Day Period of Engagement 16.2 Breaking of Engagement 16.2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY 16.3 Role in Upholding the Law 16.3 A Checklist for Baha'i Marriage 16.4 OBTAINING CONSENT 16.5 Purpose of Consent 16.5 Consent Requirements 16.6 Contacting Parents 16.8 When Consent Is Withheld 16.11 Circumstances Under which Parental Consent Is Not Required 16.12 THE MARRIAGE CEREMONY 16.14 Requirements of Baha'i Law 16.14 Nature of the Ceremony 16.16 The Reception: Serving Alcoholic Beverages 16.17 Consummation of the Marriage 16.17 VIOLATIONS OF BAHA'I MARRIAGE LAW 16.17 When Unnecessary to Correct Violation 16.17 Correcting Conscious Violations 16.18 Removal of Administrative Rights 16.19 Restoration of Administrative Rights 16.20 Baha'is Marrying Contrary to Baha'i Law: Attendance at Ceremony 16.23 Suggested Readings 16.23 17 DIVORCE 17.1 ATTITUDE TOWARD DIVORCE 17.1 Divorce Discouraged 17.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR BAHA'I DIVORCE 17.2 Year of Waiting 17.2 Conditions Under Which Year of Waiting Not Required 17.3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY 17.4 Initial Meetings 17.4 Obligation to Consider Application 17.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE COUPLE 17.9 Obligation to Consult with an Assembly 17.9 +xv Should Actively Seek Reconciliation 17.10 Financial Support 17.10 Unfaithfulness 17.11 Dating During the Year 17.11 Not Appropriate to Look for New Marriage Partner 17.12 Should Not Announce New Marriage Plans 17.12 Voiding the Year of Waiting 17.12 RELATION OF CIVIL DIVORCE TO Baha'i DIVORCE 17.13 Giving Legal Sanction to the Divorce 17.13 Initiation of Civil Divorce Proceedings During the Year of Waiting 17.13 If Non-Baha'i Partner Obtains a Civil Divorce 17.13 If Reconciliation Takes Place Before Civil Divorce and After the End of the Year of Waiting 17.14 Divorce Agreement, Child Support, Custody 17.14 Obligation of the Couple to Obey Civil Divorce Decree 17.15 Assembly Should Encourage Couple to Fulfill Divorce Decree 17.15 Remarriage 17.16 GRANTING THE BAHA'I DIVORCE 17.16 Withholding the Divorce 17.16 Extending the Year of Waiting 17.16 Delaying or Interfering with the Civil Divorce 17.16 Date on which a Baha'i Divorce Should be Granted 17.17 Reporting to the National Spiritual Assembly 17.17 Annulment 17.17 Suggested Readings 17.18 18 BURIAL LAW, WILLS, LIFE AFTER DEATH 18.1 BURIAL LAW 18.1 Responsibilities of the Local Spiritual Assembly 18.1 Requirements Currently Binding on Western Believers 18.2 Requirements Not Yet Binding on Western Believers 18.6 Other Related Topics 18.7 WILLS 18.11 The Need for a Will 18.11 Will Preparation 18.11 Responsibilities of the Local Spiritual Assembly 18.12 LIFE AFTER DEATH 18.13 +xvi The Spiritual World Beyond and Our Relation to It 18.13 "Soul mates" 18.14 Suggested Readings 18.14 19 MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS 19.1 Birth Control 19.7 Contraception 19.7 Sterilization and Abortion 19.1 Surrogate Mothers, Artificial Insemination 19.3 Serving Alcohol 19.3 Back-Biting 19.4 Debts 19.5 Smoking 19.5 Pilgrimage 19.5 Capital Punishment 19.6 Handling Business Disputes 19.6 Establishing a Business Venture 19.6 Military Service 19.7 General Principles 19.7 Pacifists, Conscientious Objectors 19.7 Non-Combatant Status 19.7 Baha'i Should Not Refuse to Bear Arms 19.8 Draft Registration 19.8 Suggested Readings 19.9 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY 20.1 xxxiii PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION /// To All Local Spiritual Assemblies /// Dear Baha'i Friends, /// To assist Local Spiritual Assemblies in their efforts to rise to the new stage in the exercise of their responsibilities, "Developing Distinctive Baha'i Communities: Guidelines for Spiritual Assemblies" has been revised and the National Spiritual Assembly is pleased to provide you with this publication as a ready reference to facilitate your consultations. /// Local Spiritual Assemblies have been asked by the Universal House of Justice to "rise to a new stage in the exercise of their responsibilities as channels of divine guidance, planners of the teaching work, developers of human resources, builders of communities, and loving shepherds of the multitudes." The Supreme Body tells us, "They can realize these prospects through increasing the ability of their members to take counsel together in accordance with the principles of the Faith and to consult with the friends under their jurisdiction, through fostering the spirit of service, through spontaneously collaborating with the Continental Counselors and their auxiliaries, and through cultivating their external relations." Further, the progress in the evolution of the institutions must be "manifest in the multiplication of localities in which the functioning of the Spiritual Assembly enhances the individual believers' capacity to serve the Cause and fosters unified action." /// "Developing Distinctive Baha'i Communities: Guidelines for Spiritual Assemblies" is a compilation of the Baha'i writings designed to aid Local Spiritual Assemblies in applying the principles of Baha'i Administration with wisdom and love. In addition to the Writings of the Central Figures of the Faith, Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice, the Guidelines offer the current policies and general practices of the National Spiritual Assembly in administering the affairs of the American Baha'i Community. xxxiv Preface to The Revised Edition /// In its infallible wisdom, the Universal House of Justice has explained that "the plan to which we are now committed is set at one of the most critical times in the life of the planet." The Supreme Body emphasized that "the need at this exact time is so to intensify our efforts in building the Baha'i System that we will attract the confirmations of Baha'u'llah and thus invoke a spiritual atmosphere" that will stimulate the release of "pent-up forces," bring about large-scale growth of the Baha'i community, and "change the direction of human affairs throughout the planet." NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY OF THE BAHA'IS OF THE UNITED STATES MARCH 1998 ******************** 1.1 Chapter 1 THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY SPIRITUAL FOUNDATION Ordained by God The Lord hath ordained that in every city a House of Justice be established wherein shall gather counselors to the number of Baha. . . . It behoveth them to be the trusted ones of the Merciful among men and to regard themselves as the guardians appointed of God for all that dwell on earth. Baha'u'llah, The Kitab-i-Aqdas, par. 30 Let no one, while this System is still in its infancy, misconceive its character, belittle its significance or misrepresent its purpose. The bedrock on which this Administrative Order is founded is God's immutable Purpose for mankind in this day. . . . Its consummation [is] the advent of that golden millennium--the Day when the kingdoms of this world shall have become the Kingdom of God Himself, the Kingdom of Baha'u'llah. Shoghi Effendi, The World Order of Baha'u'llah, pp. 156-57 The Uniqueness of the Administrative Order The world's equilibrium hath been upset through the vibrating influence of this most great, this new World Order. Mankind's ordered life hath been revolutionized through the agency of this unique, this wondrous System--the like of which mortal eyes have never witnessed. Baha'u'llah, in The World Order of Baha'u'llah, p. 146 The Spiritual Assemblies to be established in this Age of God, this holy century, have, it is indisputable, had neither peer nor likeness in the cycles gone before. For those assemblages that wielded power were based on the support of mighty leaders of men, while these Assemblies are based on the support of the Beauty of Abha. The defenders and patrons of those other assemblages 1.2 The Local Spiritual Assembly were either a prince, or a king, or a chief priest, or the mass of the people. But these Spiritual Assemblies have for their defender, their supporter, their helper, their inspirer, the omnipotent Lord. 'Abdu'l-Baha, Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha, p. 82 This Administrative Order is fundamentally different from anything that any Prophet has previously established, inasmuch as Baha'u'llah has Himself revealed its principles, established its institutions, appointed the person to interpret His Word and conferred the necessary authority on the body designed to supplement and apply His legislative ordinances. Therein lies the secret of its strength, its fundamental distinction, and the guarantee against disintegration and schism. Nowhere in the sacred scriptures of any of the world's religious systems, nor even in the writings of the Inaugurator of the Babi Dispensation, do we find any provisions establishing a covenant or providing for an administrative order that can compare in scope and authority with those that lie at the very basis of the Baha'i Dispensation. Shoghi Effendi, The World Order of Baha'u'llah, p. 145 Pattern for Future Society Baha'u'llah . . . has not only imbued mankind with a new and regenerating Spirit. He has not merely enunciated certain universal principles, or propounded a particular philosophy however potent, sound and universal these may be. In addition to these He, as well as 'Abdu'l-Baha after Him, has, unlike the Dispensations of the past, clearly and specifically laid down a set of Laws, established definite institutions, and provided for the essentials of a Divine Economy. These are destined to be a pattern for future society, a supreme instrument for the establishment of the Most Great Peace, and the one agency for the unification of the world, and the proclamation of the reign of righteousness and justice upon the earth. Shoghi Effendi, The World Order of Baha'u'llah, p. 19 Aided by the Spirit of God These Spiritual Assemblies are aided by the Spirit of God. Their defender is 'Abdu'l-Baha. Over them He spreadeth His wings. What bounty is there greater than this? These Spiritual Assemblies are shining lamps and heavenly gardens, from which the fragrances of holiness are diffused over all regions, and the lights of knowledge are shed abroad over all created things. From them the spirit of life streameth in every direction. They, indeed, are the potent sources of the progress of man, at all times and under all conditions. 'Abdu'l-Baha, Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha, p. 80 1.3 Newly-born Institutions Basic Administrative Unit of Baha'u'llah's World Order The divinely ordained institution of the Local Spiritual Assembly operates at the first levels of human society and is the basic administrative unit of Baha'u'llah's World Order. It is concerned with individuals and families whom it must constantly encourage to unite in a distinctive Baha'i society, vitalized and guarded by the laws, ordinances and principles of Baha'u'llah's Revelation. It protects the Cause of God; it acts as the loving shepherd of the Baha'i flock. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Naw-Ruz, 1974, to the Baha'is of the World Development of Local Spiritual Assemblies Newly-born Institutions Local Spiritual Assemblies are at the present newly-born institutions, struggling for the most part to establish themselves both in the Baha'i community and in the world. They are as yet only embryos of the majestic institutions ordained by Baha'u'llah in His writings. . . . Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated July 30, 1972, to a National Spiritual Assembly Not only will the present-day Spiritual Assemblies be styled differently in the future, but they will be enabled also to add to their present functions those powers, duties, and prerogatives necessitated by the recognition of the Faith of Baha'u'llah, not merely as one of the recognized religious systems of the world, but as the State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power. Shoghi Effendi, The World Order of Baha'u'llah, pp. 6-7 The Baha'i administration is only the first shaping of what in future will come to be the social life and laws of community living. As yet the believers are only first beginning to grasp and practice it properly. So we must have patience if at times it seems a little self-conscious and rigid in its workings. It is because we are learning something very difficult but very wonderful--how to live together as a community of Baha'is, according to the glorious teachings. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 28 The Guardian is, doubtless, well aware of the existing imperfections in the administrative machinery of the Cause, but these, he strongly feels, should be attributed not to the administrative system itself, but to the administrators of the Faith, who by reason of their human limitations and imperfections can never hope to entirely fulfill those ideal conditions set forth in the Teachings. Much of the 1.4 The Local Spiritual Assembly existing defects in the present-day activities of the believers, however, will as the Community develops and gains in experience be gradually removed, and healthier and more progressive conditions prevail. And it is towards the realization of this high aim that the friends should earnestly and unitedly strive. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The National Spiritual Assembly, p. 34 Assembly Development Related to Entry by Troops As for the institutions, entry by troops will act upon them as much as they will act upon it. The evolution of local and national Baha'i Assemblies at this time calls for a new state of mind on the part of their members as well as on the part of those who elect them, for the Baha'i community is engaged in an immense historical process that is entering a critical stage. Baha'u'llah has given to the world institutions to operate in an Order designed to canalize the forces of a new civilization. Progress toward that glorious realization requires a great and continuous expansion of the Baha'i community, so that adequate scope is provided for the maturation of these institutions. This is a matter of immediate importance to Baha'u'llah's avowed supporters in all lands. For such an expansion to be stimulated and accommodated, the Spiritual Assemblies must rise to a new stage in the exercise of their responsibilities as channels of divine guidance, planners of the teaching work, developers of human resources, builders of communities, and loving shepherds of the multitudes. They can realize these prospects through increasing the ability of their members to take counsel together in accordance with the principles of the Faith and to consult with the friends under their jurisdiction, through fostering the spirit of service, through spontaneously collaborating with the Continental Counselors and their auxiliaries, and through cultivating their external relations. Particularly must the progress in the evolution of the institutions be manifest in the multiplication of localities in which the function of the Spiritual Assembly enhances the individual believer's capacity to serve the Cause and fosters unified action. In sum, the maturity of the Spiritual Assembly must be measured not only by the regularity of its meetings and the efficiency of its functioning, but also by the continuity of the growth of Baha'i membership, the effectiveness of the interaction between the Assembly and the members of its community, the quality of the spiritual and social life of the community, and the overall sense of vitality of a community in the process of dynamic, ever-advancing development. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 153, to the Baha'is of the World 1.5 Salient Objectives Strengthening and development of Local Spiritual Assemblies is a vital objective. . . . Success in this one goal will greatly enrich the quality of Baha'i life, will heighten the capacity of the Faith to deal with entry by troops which is even now taking place and, above all, will demonstrate the solidarity and ever-growing distinctiveness of the Baha'i community, thereby attracting more and more thoughtful souls to the Faith and offering a refuge to the leaderless and hapless millions of the spiritually bankrupt, moribund present order. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Naw-Ruz, 1974, to the Baha'is of the World The establishment and strong growth of Local Spiritual Assemblies is one of the most fundamental requirements for the spread of the Message of Baha'u'llah, the development of Baha'i community life and the emergence of a transformed society. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 6, 1977, to National Spiritual Assemblies Salient Objectives Among the more salient objectives to be attained by the Local Spiritual Assembly in its process of development to full maturity are to act as a loving shepherd to the Baha'i flock, promote unity and concord among the friends, direct the teaching work, protect the Cause of God, arrange for Feasts, Anniversaries and regular meetings of the community, familiarize the Baha'is with its plans, invite the community to offer its recommendations, promote the welfare of youth and children, and participate, as circumstances permit, in humanitarian activities. In its relationship to the individual believer, the Assembly should continuously invite and encourage him to study the Faith, to deliver its glorious message, to live in accordance with its teachings, to contribute freely and regularly to the Fund, to participate in community activities, and to seek refuge in the Assembly for advice and help, when needed. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated July 30, 1972, to a National Spiritual Assembly THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY AND THE BAHA'I COMMUNITY Attitude of Assembly Members Unity within the Assembly itself is, of course, of immediate importance to the wider unity your actions are intended to foster and sustain. At no time can any member of your Assembly afford to be unmindful of this basic requirement nor neglect to work towards upholding it. Of particular relevance is the attitude that the members adopt towards their membership on that exalted body. There needs to be a recognition on their part of the Assembly's spiritual character and a feeling in their hearts of respect for the institution 1.6 The Local Spiritual Assembly based upon a perception of it as something beyond or apart from themselves, as a sacred entity whose powers they have the privilege to engage and canalize by coming together in harmony and acting in accordance with divinely revealed principles. With such a perspective the members will be better able to acquire an appropriate posture in relation to the Assembly itself, to appreciate their role as Trustees of the Merciful and to counteract any impression that they have assumed ownership and control of the institution in the manner of major stockholders of a business enterprise. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 19, 1994, to a National Spiritual Assembly The members of these Assemblies, on their part, must disregard utterly their own likes and dislikes, their personal interests and inclinations, and concentrate their minds upon those measures that will conduce to the welfare and happiness of the Baha'i Community and promote the common weal. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 41 Through their repeated appeals, through their readiness to dispel all misunderstandings and remove all obstacles, through the example of their lives, and their unrelaxing vigilance, their high sense of justice, their humility, consecration and courage, they must demonstrate to those whom they represent their capacity to play their part in the progress of the Plan in which they, no less than the rest of the community, are involved. Shoghi Effendi, Messages to America, p. 12 The Cause . . . is a divine institution whose responsible administrators should consider themselves as mere channels whereby God protects and guides His Faith. The Administration should never be allowed to become a bone of contention between individuals and groups. It stands above human personalities and transcends the scope of their limited and inevitably selfish ideas. Its custodians should continually purge themselves of every trace of personal desire or interest and become wholly imbued with the spirit of love, of cooperation and of genuine self-sacrifice. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, letter dated August 8, 1933 Only as individual members of Local Spiritual Assemblies deepen themselves in the fundamental verities of the Faith 1.7 Latitude for Initiative and in the proper application of the principles governing the operation of the Assembly will this institution grow and develop toward its full potential. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated August, 1970, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 5 For upon the degree to which the members of these Assemblies grasp the true significance of the divine institution on which they serve, arise selflessly to fulfill their prescribed and sacred duties, and persevere in their endeavors, depends to a large extent the healthy growth of the world-wide community of the Most Great Name, the force of its outward thrust, and the strength of its supporting roots. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 25, 1975, to all National Spiritual Assemblies The Relation of the Assembly with the Baha'is There is no task more urgently necessary than the insurance of perfect harmony and fellowship among the friends, especially between the local assemblies and individual believers. The local assemblies should inspire confidence in the individual believers, and these in their turn should express their readiness to fully abide by the decisions and directions of the local assembly: the two must learn to cooperate, and to realize that only through such a cooperation can the institutions of the Cause effectively and permanently function. While obedience to the local assembly should be unqualified and whole-hearted, yet that body should enforce its directions in such a way as to avoid giving the impression that it is animated by dictatorial motives. The spirit of the Cause is one of mutual cooperation, and not that of a dictatorship. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, October 28, 1935, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 23 The maintenance of a climate of love and unity depends largely upon the feelings among the individuals composing the community that the Assembly is a part of themselves, that their cooperative interactions with the divinely ordained body allow them a fair latitude for initiative and that the quality of their relationships with both the institution and their fellow believers encourages a spirit of enterprise invigorated by an awareness of the revolutionizing purpose of Baha'u'llah's Revelation, by a consciousness of the high privilege of their being associated with efforts to realize that purpose, and by a consequent, ever-present sense of joy. In such a climate, 1.8 The Local Spiritual Assembly the community is transformed from being the mere sum of its parts to assuming a wholly new personality as an entity in which its members blend without losing their individual uniqueness. . . . Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 19, 1994, to a National Spiritual Assembly Let us also bear in mind that the keynote of the Cause of God is not dictatorial authority but humble fellowship, not arbitrary power, but the spirit of frank and loving consultation. Nothing short of the spirit of a true Baha'i can hope to reconcile the principles of mercy and justice, of freedom and submission, of the sanctity of the right of the individual and of self-surrender, of vigilance, discretion, and prudence on the one hand, and fellowship, candor, and courage on the other. The duties of those whom the friends have freely and conscientiously elected as their representatives are no less vital and binding than the obligations of those who have chosen them. Their function is not to dictate, but to consult, and consult not only among themselves, but as much as possible with the friends whom they represent. They must regard themselves in no other light but that of chosen instruments for a more efficient and dignified presentation of the Cause of God. They should never be led to suppose that they are the central ornaments of the body of the Cause, intrinsically superior to others in capacity or merit, and sole promoters of its teachings and principles. They should approach their task with extreme humility, and endeavor, by their open-mindedness, their high sense of justice and duty, their candor, their modesty, their entire devotion to the welfare and interests of the friends, the Cause, and humanity to win, not only the confidence and the genuine support and respect of those whom they serve, but also their esteem and real affection. They must, at all times, avoid the spirit of exclusiveness, the atmosphere of secrecy, free themselves from a domineering attitude, and banish all forms of prejudice and passion from their deliberations. They should, within the limits of wise discretion, take the friends into their confidence, acquaint them with their plans, share with them their problems and anxieties, and seek their advice and counsel. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, pp. 63-64 The temperament of authority in the administration of justice varies according to the degree of the gravity of each case. Some cases require that the Assembly take action that is firm or drastic. 1.9 The Relation of the Baha'is with the Assembly Even so, Assembly members have always to be mindful that the authority they wield must in general be expressed with love, humility and a genuine respect for others. Thus exercised, authority strikes a natural note and accords with that which is acceptable to spiritually attuned and fair-minded souls. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 19, 1994, to a National Spiritual Assembly The administrators of the Faith of God must be like unto shepherds. Their aim should be to dispel all the doubts, misunderstandings and harmful differences which may arise in the community of the believers. And this they can adequately achieve provided they are motivated by a true sense of love for their fellow- brethren coupled with a firm determination to act with justice in all the cases which are submitted to them for their consideration. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, March 9, 1934, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 23 These bodies have the sacred obligation to help, advise, protect and guide the believers in every way within their power when appealed to--indeed they were established just for the purpose of keeping order and unity and obedience to the law of God amongst the believers. "You should go to them as a child would to its parents. . . ." Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, September 28, 1941, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 16 The Relation of the Baha'is with the Assembly In order to avoid division and disruption, that the Cause may not fall a prey to conflicting interpretations, and lose thereby its purity and pristine vigor, that its affairs may be conducted with efficiency and promptness, it is necessary that every one should conscientiously take an active part in the election of these Assemblies, abide by their decisions, enforce their decree, and cooperate with them whole-heartedly in their task of stimulating the growth of the Movement throughout all regions. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 41 The Guardian believes that a great deal of the difficulties from which the believers . . . feel themselves to be suffering are caused by their neither correctly understanding nor putting into practice the administration. They seem--many of them--to be prone to continually challenging and criticizing the decisions of their assemblies. If the Baha'is undermine the very leaders who are, however immaturely, seeking to coordinate Baha'i activities and administer 1.10 The Local Spiritual Assembly Baha'i affairs, if they continually criticize their acts and challenge or belittle their decisions, they not only prevent any real rapid progress in the Faith's development from taking place, but they repel outsiders who quite rightly may ask how we ever expect to unite the whole world when we are so disunited among ourselves! There is only one remedy for this: to study the administration, to obey the assemblies, and each believer seek to perfect his own character as a Baha'i. We can never exert the influence over others which we can exert over ourselves. If we are better, if we show love, patience, and understanding of the weaknesses of others, if we seek to never criticize but rather encourage, others will do likewise, and we can really help the Cause through our example and spiritual strength. The Baha'is everywhere, when the administration is first established, find it very difficult to adjust themselves. They have to learn to obey, even when the assembly may be wrong, for the sake of unity. They have to sacrifice their personalities, to a certain extent, in order that the Community life may grow and develop as a whole. These things are difficult, but we must realize that they will lead us to a very much greater, more perfect, way of life when the Faith is properly established according to the administration. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, October 26, 1943, in The National Spiritual Assembly, pp. 34-35 We should respect the National Spiritual Assembly and the Local Spiritual Assembly because they are institutions founded by Baha'u'llah. It has nothing to do with personality, but is far above it. It will be a great day when the friends, on and off the assemblies, come to fully grasp the fact that it is not the individuals on an assembly which are important, but the assembly as an institution. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, March 13, 1944, in The National Spiritual Assembly, pp. 18-19 The authority to direct the affairs of the Faith locally, nationally and internationally, is divinely conferred on elected institutions. However, the power to accomplish the tasks of the community resides primarily in the mass of the believers. The authority of the institutions is an irrevocable necessity for the progress of humanity; its exercise is an art to be mastered. The power of action in the believers is unlocked at the level of individual initiative and surges at the level of collective volition. In its potential, this mass power, 1.11 The Relation of the Baha'is with the Assembly this mix of individual potentialities, exists in a malleable form susceptible to the multiple reactions of individuals to the sundry influences at work in the world. To realize its highest purpose, this power needs to express itself through orderly avenues of activity. Even though individuals may strive to be guided in their actions by their personal understanding of the Divine Texts, and much can be accomplished thereby, such actions, untempered by the overall direction provided by authorized institutions, are incapable of attaining the thrust necessary for the unencumbered advancement of civilization. Individual initiative is a pre-eminent aspect of power; it is therefore a major responsibility of the institutions to safeguard and stimulate it. Similarly, it is important for individuals to recognize and accept that the institutions must act as a guiding and moderating influence on the march of civilization. In this sense, the divine requirement that individuals obey the decisions of their Assemblies can clearly be seen as being indispensable to the progress of society. Indeed, individuals must not be abandoned entirely to their own devices with respect to the welfare of society as a whole, neither should they be stifled by the assumption of a dictatorial posture by members of the institution. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 19, 1994, to a National Spiritual Assembly The friends are called upon to give their whole-hearted support and cooperation to the Local Spiritual Assembly, first by voting for the membership and then by energetically pursuing its plans and programs, by turning to it in time of trouble or difficulty, by praying for its success and taking delight in its rise to influence and honor. This great prize, this gift of God within each community must be cherished, nurtured, loved, assisted, obeyed and prayed for. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Naw-Ruz, 1974, to the Baha'is of the World Also relevant to effecting unity is the attitude of the friends, whether serving on any Assembly or not, towards the exercise of authority in the Baha'i community. People generally tend to be suspicious of those in authority. The reason is not difficult to understand, since human history is replete with examples of the disastrous misuse of authority and power. A reversal of this tendency is not easily achievable, but the Baha'i friends must be freed of suspicion towards their institutions if the wheels of progress are to turn with 1.12 The Local Spiritual Assembly uninterrupted speed. A rigorous discipline of thought and action on the part of both the friends and the National Assembly will succeed in meeting this challenge; both must live up to their responsibilities in this regard by recognizing some fundamental realities. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 19, 1994, to a National Spiritual Assembly THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY AND ITS RELATION TO OTHER INSTITUTIONS The National Spiritual Assembly, Its Authority and Significance The National Spiritual Assembly shall have exclusive jurisdiction and authority over all the activities and affairs of the Baha'i Faith throughout its area. The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice, By-Laws, Article III, p. 9 All matters arising within a local Baha'i community which are of purely local interest and do not affect the national interests of the Cause shall be under the primary jurisdiction of the Spiritual Assembly of that locality, but decision whether a particular matter involves the interest and welfare of the national Baha'i body shall rest with the National Spiritual Assembly. Declaration of Trust and By-Laws of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States , 1975, Article VII, Section 8 Whatever functions and powers are not specifically attributed to Local Spiritual Assemblies in these By-Laws shall be considered vested in the National Spiritual Assembly, which body is authorized to delegate such discretionary functions and power as it deems necessary and advisable to the Local Spiritual Assemblies in its jurisdiction. Declaration of Trust and By-Laws of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States , 1975, Article X I wish to reaffirm in clear and categorical language, the principle already enunciated upholding the supreme authority of the National Assembly in all matters that affect the interests of the Faith in that land. There can be no conflict of authority, no duality under any form or circumstances in any sphere of Baha'i jurisdiction whether local, national, or international. Shoghi Effendi, June 11, 1934, in The National Spiritual Assembly, p. 12 The Guardian wishes me to again affirm his view that the authority of the N.S.A. is undivided and unchallengeable in all matters pertaining to the administration of the Faith . . . and that, therefore, the obedience of individual Baha'is, delegates, groups, and Assemblies to that authority is imperative, and should be whole-hearted and unqualified. He is convinced that the unreserved 1.13 Its Relation with Regional Baha'i Councils acceptance and complete application of this vital provision of the Administration is essential to the maintenance of the highest degree of unity among the believers, and is indispensable to the effective working of the administrative machinery of the Faith in every country. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, June 11, 1934, in The National Spiritual Assembly, p. 28 Its Relation with Regional Baha'i Councils The expansion of the Baha'i community and the growing complexity of the issues which are facing National Spiritual Assemblies in certain countries have brought the Cause to a new stage in its development. They have caused us in recent years to examine various aspects of the balance between centralization and decentralization. In a few countries we have authorized the National Spiritual Assemblies to establish State Baha'i Councils or Regional Teaching and Administrative Committees. From the experience gained in the operation of these bodies, and from detailed examination of the principles set forth by Shoghi Effendi, we have reached the conclusion that the time has arrived for us to formalize a new element of Baha'i administration, between the local and national levels, comprising institutions of a special kind, to be designated as "Regional Baha'i Councils." Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 30, 1997, to all National Spiritual Assemblies Regional Baha'i Councils partake of some, but not all, charac- teristics of Spiritual Assemblies, and thus provide a means of carrying forward the teaching work and administering related affairs of a rapidly growing Baha'i community in a number of situations. Without such an institution, the development of a national committee structure required to cover the needs in some countries would run the danger of over-complexity through adding a further layer of committees under the regional committees, or the danger of excessive decentralization through conferring too much autonomy on committees which are characterized by the Guardian as "bodies that should be regarded in no other light than that of expert advisers and executive assistants." Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 30, 1997, to all National Spiritual Assemblies 2.2.1 The members of an elected Regional Baha'i Council, who shall be nine in number, are elected from among all the adult believers in the region by the members of the Local Spiritual 1.14 The Local Spiritual Assembly Assemblies in that region every year on 23 May, the anniversary of the Declaration of the Bab according to the Gregorian calendar, or on a weekend immediately before or after that date. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 30, 1997, to all National Spiritual Assemblies Its Relation with Local Spiritual Assemblies Unity is, therefore, the main key to success. And the best way to insure and consolidate the organic unity of His Faith is to strengthen the authority of the local assemblies and to bring them within the full orbit of the National Assembly's jurisdiction. The National Assembly is the head, and the local assemblies are these various organs of the body of the Cause. To insure full cooperation between these various parts is to safeguard the best interests of the Faith by enabling it to counteract those forces which threaten to create a breach within the ranks of the faithful. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, September 20, 1933, in The National Spiritual Assembly, p. 57 It [the Local Spiritual Assembly] shall faithfully and devotedly uphold the general Baha'i activities and affairs initiated and sustained by the National Spiritual Assembly. It shall cooperate wholeheartedly with other Local Spiritual Assemblies throughout the United States in all matters declared by the National Spiritual Assembly to be of general Baha'i importance and concern. Declaration of Trust and By-Laws of the National Spiritual Assembly, pp. 24-25 Just as the individual believers are bound to support and sustain their spiritual assembly, for the preservation of the unity of the Faith and the strengthening of its as yet embryonic World Order, so must the local assemblies obey and sustain their national representatives. The closer the cooperation between the local and national assemblies, the greater will be the power and radiance which can and must stream forth from these institutions to the suffering ranks of humanity. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, July 29, 1942, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, pp. 27-28 It is obvious that through the consolidation of the foundations of the Administrative Order on the local level, the national institutions of the Faith will receive support and strength in the conduct of their activities. In turn, the National Spiritual Assembly and its agencies should not only oversee the activities of the local communities, but it has the duty and privilege to coordinate the efforts and to stimulate and give direction to the spirit of enterprise and initiative 1.15 The Institution of the Learned of the individual friends. When a proper and balanced relationship is maintained between these two levels of Baha'i activity, and a healthy interaction takes place between them, a foundation is laid for the community to become "spiritually welded into a unit at once dynamic and coherent." Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated April 17, 1981, to all National Spiritual Assemblies Coordinating National and local interests Local activities should always be subordinated to those of a national character and importance. This is intended not to minimize the role of the local assembly in the administrative order, but to establish and ensure a sane relationship between that body and the national organism of the Cause. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, letter dated May 10, 1934, to an individual believer The Institution of the Learned In the Kitab-i-'Ahdi (the Book of His Covenant) Baha'u'llah wrote "Blessed are the rulers and the learned in Al-Baha," and referring to this very passage the beloved Guardian wrote on 4 November 1931: In this holy cycle the "learned" are, on the one hand, the Hands of the Cause of God, and, on the other, the teachers and diffusers of His teachings who do not rank as Hands, but who have attained an eminent position in the teaching work. As to the "rulers" they refer to the members of the Local, National and International Houses of Justice. The duties of each of these souls will be determined in the future. (Translated from the Persian) The Hands of the Cause of God, the Counselors and the members of the Auxiliary Boards fall within the definition of the "learned" given by the beloved Guardian. Thus they are all intimately interrelated and it is not incorrect to refer to the three ranks collectively as one institution. However, each is also a separate institution in itself. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated April 24, 1972, in Messages from the Universal House of Justice: 1963-1986, p. 215 As you know, a distinguishing feature of the Administrative Order is the existence of elected institutions, on the one hand, which function corporately with vested legislative, executive and judicial powers, and of appointed, eminent and devoted believers, on the other hand, who function primarily as individuals for the 1.16 The Local Spiritual Assembly specific purposes of protecting and propagating the Faith under the guidance of the Head of the Faith. The two sets of institutions collaborate in their functions so as to ensure the progress of the Cause. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 19, 1994, to a National Spiritual Assembly This Administrative Order consists, on the one hand, of a series of elected councils, universal, secondary and local, in which are vested legislative, executive and judicial powers over the Baha'i community and, on the other, of eminent and devoted believers appointed for the specific purposes of protecting and propagating the Faith of Baha'u'llah under the guidance of the Head of that Faith. The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice, p. 8 Every institution of this Divinely created Order is one more refuge for a distraught populace; every soul illumined by the light of the sacred Message is one more link in the oneness of mankind, one more servant ministering to the needs of an ailing world. Even should the Baha'i communities, in the years immediately ahead, be cut off from the World Center or from one another--as some have already been--the Baha'is will neither halt nor hesitate; they will continue to pursue their objectives, guided by their Spiritual Assemblies and led by the Counselors, the members of the Auxiliary Boards and their assistants. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated November 3, 1980, to the Baha'is of the World The obligations of the Hands of the Cause of God are to diffuse the Divine Fragrances, to edify the souls of men, to promote learning, to improve the character of all men and to be, at all times and under all conditions, sanctified and detached from earthly things. They must manifest the fear of God by their conduct, their manners, their deeds and their words. 'Abdu'l-Baha, Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha, p. 13 The Hands of the Cause of God The Hands of the Cause of God are one of the most precious assets the Baha'i world possesses. Released from administration of the Auxiliary Boards, they will be able to concentrate their energies on the more primary responsibilities of general protection and propagation, "preservation of the spiritual health of the Baha'i communities" and "the vitality of the faith" of the Baha'is throughout 1.17 International Teaching Center the world. The House of Justice will call upon them to undertake special missions on its behalf, to represent it on both Baha'i and other occasions and to keep it informed of the welfare of the Cause. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated June 24, 1968, in The Continental Boards of Counselors, pp. 5-6 (See also in this Chapter the Section entitled "International Teaching Center") International Teaching Center The time is indeed propitious for the establishment of the International Teaching Center, a development which, at one and the same time, brings to fruition the work of the Hands of the Cause residing in the Holy Land and provides for its extension into the future, links the institution of the Boards of Counselors even more intimately with that of the Hands of the Cause of God, and powerfully reinforces the discharge of the rapidly growing responsibilities of the Universal House of Justice. . . . The duties now assigned to this nascent institution are: To coordinate, stimulate and direct the activities of the Continental Boards of Counselors and to act as liaison between them and the Universal House of Justice. To be fully informed of the situation of the Cause in all parts of the world and to be able, from the background of this knowledge, to make reports and recommendations to the Universal House of Justice and give advice to the Continental Boards of Counselors. To be alert to possibilities, both within and without the Baha'i community, for the extension of the teaching work into receptive or needy areas, and to draw the attention of the Universal House of Justice and the Continental Boards of Counselors to such possibilities, making recommendations for action. To determine and anticipate needs for literature, pioneers and traveling teachers and to work out teaching plans, both regional and global, for the approval of the Universal House of Justice. 1.18 The Local Spiritual Assembly All the Hands of the Cause of God will be members of the International Teaching Center. Each Hand will be kept regularly informed of the activities of the Center through reports or copies of its minutes, and will be able, wherever he may be residing or traveling, to convey suggestions, recommendations and information to the Center and, whenever he is in the Holy Land, to take part in the consultations and other activities of the Center. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated June 8, 1973, in The Continental Boards of Counselors, pp. 46-47 The Continental Boards of Counselors The Universal House of Justice decided . . . to establish Continental Boards of Counselors for the protection and propagation of the Faith. Their duties will include directing the Auxiliary Boards in their respective areas, consulting and collaborating with National Spiritual Assemblies, and keeping the Hands of the Cause and the Universal House of Justice informed concerning the conditions of the Cause in their areas. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated June 24, 1968, in Messages from The Universal House of Justice: 1963-1986, p. 131 The Counselors are responsible for stimulating, counseling and assisting National Spiritual Assemblies, and also work with individuals, groups, and Local Assemblies. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 1, 1969, in Messages from The Universal House of Justice: 1963-1986, p. 151 We are confident that the institution of the Boards of Counselors will lend its vital support and, through the Counselors' own contacts with friends, through their Auxiliary Boards and their assistants, will nourish the roots of each local community, enrich and cultivate the soil of knowledge of the teachings and irrigate it with the living waters of love for Baha'u'llah. Thus will the saplings grow into mighty trees, and the trees bear their golden fruit. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 25, 1975, in The Continental Boards of Counselors, pp. 63-64 The Continental Boards of Counselors and the National Spiritual Assemblies share in the functions of propagation and protection, but the Counselors specialize in these functions from a different level and in a different manner. From a continental vantage point, the Counselors bring a perspective to their functions which, when offered to a National Assembly in the form of counsel, advice, recommendations, suggestions, or commentary, enriches the 1.19 Propagation Boards latter's understanding, acquaints it with a broader experience than its own, and encourages it to maintain a world-embracing vision. An aspect of the difference in the manner of functioning of the Counselors derives from the instructions given in the Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha to the Hands of the Cause of God, the extension into the future of whose functions of protection and propagation is the responsibility of the Counselors. As appointees of the Universal House of Justice, the Counselors assist the Head of the Faith to broaden the base, foster the strength and ensure the security of the National Spiritual Assemblies and the institutions and communities under their jurisdiction. Through their Auxiliary Boards, the Continental Counselors spread the benefits of their functions to the Local Spiritual Assemblies and the grassroots of the community. These functions are shaped by their obligations, in the words of the Will and Testament, "to diffuse the Divine Fragrances, to edify the souls of men, to promote learning, to improve the character of all men and to be, at all times and under all conditions, sanctified and detached from earthly things." It can be seen, then, that through their work in propagating and protecting the Faith, the Counselors play a major role in knitting and bolstering the entire fabric of the Baha'i community. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 19, 1994, to a National Spiritual Assembly The Auxiliary Board Members The beloved Guardian's message of October 1957 [cited in Messages to the Baha'i World, pp. 124-30] clearly indicates that the two Auxiliary Boards must have distinct but complementary functions. In that message he charges the Protection Board with "the specific duty of watching over the security of the Faith" and says that the duty of the Propagation Board would "henceforth be exclusively concerned with assisting the prosecution of the Ten- Year Plan" [1953-1963]. Protection Boards Above all, members of the Protection Boards should concentrate on deepening the friends' knowledge of the Covenant and increasing their love and loyalty to it, on clearly and frankly answering, in conformity with the teachings, whatever questions may trouble any of the believers, on fostering the spiritual profundity and strength of their faith and certitude, and on promoting whatever will increase the spirit of loving unity in Baha'i communities. Propagation Boards The primary tasks of the Propagation Boards, however, are to direct the believers' attention to the goals of whatever plans have 1.20 The Local Spiritual Assembly been placed before them, to stimulate and assist them to promote the teaching work in the fields of proclamation, expansion, consolidation and pioneering, to encourage contributions to the funds, and to act as standard-bearers of the teachers of the Faith, leading them to new achievements in the diffusion of God's Message to their fellow human beings. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 10, 1976, to the International Teaching Center It is the Spiritual Assemblies who plan and direct the work, but these plans should be well known to the Counselors and Auxiliary Board members, because one of the ways in which they can assist the Assemblies is by urging the believers continually to support the plans of the Assemblies. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 1, 1969, to the Continental Boards of Counselors and National Spiritual Assemblies, in Messages from the Universal House of Justice: 1963-1986, p.152 When a Local Spiritual Assembly begins to function properly, it does not mean it can dispense with the service and work of Auxiliary Board members and their assistants, who can and should continue to provide stimulation and inspiration not only generally to the Assembly and local Baha'i activities, but to individual believers as well. Written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated June 9, 1980, to an individual believer Above all the Auxiliary Board members should build up a warm and loving relationship between themselves and the believers in their area so that the Local Spiritual Assemblies will spontaneously turn to them for advice and assistance. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 1, 1969, to the Continental Boards of Counselors and National Spiritual Assemblies, in Messages from the Universal House of Justice: 1963-1986 , pp.152-153 Their Supporting Role Authority and direction flow from the Assemblies, whereas the power to accomplish the tasks resides primarily in the entire body of the believers. It is the principal task of the Auxiliary Boards to assist in arousing and releasing this power. This is a vital activity, and if they are to be able to perform it adequately they must avoid becoming involved in the work of administration. . . . The Auxiliary Boards should work closely with the grass roots of the community: 1.21 Referring Matters the individual believers, groups and Local Spiritual Assemblies, advising, stimulating and assisting them. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 1, 1969, in The Continental Boards of Counselors , pp. 37-38 Relation to Administrative Work Assemblies sometimes misunderstand what is meant by the statement that Counselors and Auxiliary Board members are concerned with the teaching work and not with administration. It is taken to mean that they may not give advice on administrative matters. This is quite wrong. One of the things that Counselors and Auxiliary Board members should watch and report on is the proper working of administrative institutions. The statement that they do not have anything to do with administration means, simply, that they do not administer. They do not direct or organize the teaching work nor do they adjudicate in matters of personal conflict or personal problems. All these activities fall within the sphere of responsibility of the Spiritual Assemblies. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 1, 1969, in Messages from the Universal House of Justice: 1968-1973 , p. 32 Systematic Visits and Correspondence with Communities Our beloved Guardian urged Auxiliary Board members to establish contact with Local Spiritual Assemblies, groups, isolated centers and the individual believers, and through periodic and systematic visits to localities as well as by correspondence help in promoting the interests of the Plan, assist in the efficient and prompt execution of the goals, watch over the security of the Faith, stimulate and strengthen the teaching and pioneer work, impress upon the friends the importance of individual effort, initiative and sacrifice, and encourage them to participate in Baha'i activities and be unified under all circumstances. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated November 17, 1971 Referring Matters The question has been raised as to how Local Spiritual Assemblies and individual believers are to know which matters they should refer to which Auxiliary Board member. We feel that this will be worked out at the local level in the light of experience, and that meanwhile the Assemblies and believers should not concern themselves unduly about it. They should feel free to refer to either Board, and if the Auxiliary Board member feels that the matter would better have been referred to his colleague, he can either himself pass the question on, or suggest the different approach to the Assembly or believer. This is similar to the situation, already familiar to Board members, when they have referred to them a matter which should 1.22 The Local Spiritual Assembly properly be dealt with by a National Spiritual Assembly or one of its committees. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 10, 1976, to the International Teaching Center Flexibility and Speed in Response Support Maturation The flexibility and speed with which the Counselors and their Auxiliary Board members can respond to a perceived need in the community--such as a need for encouragement, explanation of plans, deepening in the Teachings, protection of the Covenant-- are elements of their functioning which distinguish them from Spiritual Assemblies; this flexibility enables them to operate as occasions demand, whether it is in giving counsel at a meeting, or advising an individual in private, or helping the friends to understand and obey a ruling of the Spiritual Assembly, or dealing with issues of the Covenant. In such different modes these officers of the Faith are able to draw attention to relevant Texts, to impart information, explore situations, and acquaint themselves with conditions in ways not possible to a Spiritual Assembly but important to the success of its plans. They are able then to share with Spiritual Assemblies, as deemed necessary, ideas, analyses, perceptions, and advice which inevitably enhance the ability of these Assemblies to serve their communities. They thus assist Assemblies to mature. Where Local Assemblies are new or weak, Auxiliary Board members help them to understand their functions, encourage them to organize their work, and rally the local believers in support of their Assemblies' initiatives. Prop and Mainstay of National Spiritual Assembly Through the various modes of their activities, the Counselors aided by their Auxiliary Boards spark and buttress the growth and development of Spiritual Assemblies and local and national communities. With this perspective, Shoghi Effendi's regarding of the Auxiliary Board members as "a prop and mainstay to the often overworked and overburdened National Spiritual Assemblies" becomes clear. The indispensability of the involvement of Continental Counselors and Auxiliary Board members in the planning stages of the teaching work and the benefits of acquainting them with the hopes and concerns of National Spiritual Assemblies and of seeking their advice are also obvious. Free to Determine Manner of Support While the Counselors and their Auxiliary Boards, in addition to the discharge of their specific responsibilities, will support the initiatives adopted by a National Spiritual Assembly, the Assembly should recognize that the Counselors must be free to determine, 1.23 The Assistants to the Auxiliary Board Members according to their own best judgment, in what manner that support will be given. There is a great difference between the functions of national committees and Auxiliary Board members in this respect. Whereas the committees may be required by the Assembly to follow particular procedures, Auxiliary Board members are not similarly bound; yet they should not act in a manner that undermines the operations of the National Assembly or its agencies. This does not mean that Auxiliary Board members may not decide, upon request or not, to participate in the execution of a particular programme or educational project devised by a national committee, or even to contribute towards the conceptualization and fruition of the project. It does mean, however, that their prerogative to proceed within a wider latitude than that accessible to the national committee should be respected. Should not Divert Attention from Adopted Plans By working at the grassroots of the community, an Auxiliary Board member is often able to satisfy a need not being met by any national or local programme, but which if dealt with by the Auxiliary Board member will better equip the local friends to achieve the established goals of the community. Such a flexibility on the part of the Auxiliary Board member in dealing with immediate situations, such a freedom for independent action, should be taken for granted by all concerned. However, a pattern of activity on the part of the Auxiliary Board member, or even of a Counselor, which appears to the National Assembly to be seriously diverting attention from the adopted plans of the community should unhesitatingly be made a matter for remedial consultation with the Counselor. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 19, 1994, to a National Spiritual Assembly /// (See also Chapter 5, "Protection of the Faith," for further information on the relation of the Protective Boards to the Local Spiritual Assembly; and Chapter 7, "Teaching and Consolidation," for further information on the relation of the Propagation Boards to the Local Spiritual Assembly) The Assistants to the Auxiliary Board Members We have decided to take a further step in the development of the institution by giving to each Continental Board of Counselors the discretion to authorize individual Auxiliary Board members to appoint assistants. . . . Their aims should be to activate and encourage Local Spiritual 1.24 The Local Spiritual Assembly Assemblies, to call the attention of Local Spiritual Assembly members to the importance of holding regular meetings, to encourage local communities to meet for the Nineteen Day Feasts and Holy Days, to help deepen their fellow-believers' understanding of the Teachings, and generally to assist the Auxiliary Board members in the discharge of their duties. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 7, 1973, in The Continental Boards of Counselors, p. 54 One of the most potent aids to the consolidation of local communities and Assemblies and the deepening of the faith of the believers, is the services of the Auxiliary Board members and their assistants. Here is an institution of the Faith, reaching into every locality, composed of firm believers who know the area they have to serve and are familiar with its problems and potentialities-- an institution expressly designed to encourage and reinforce the work of the Spiritual Assemblies, to enthuse the believers, to stimulate them to study the Teachings and apply them in their lives-- a body of Baha'is whose efforts and services will complement and support the work being done by your committees and by the Local Assemblies themselves in every sphere of Baha'i endeavor. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 2, 1976, to a National Spiritual Assembly Believers Can Serve Both as Assistants and on Administrative Institutions Appointment of a believer as a Board member's assistant does not require the resignation of the appointee from a Spiritual Assembly or a committee. The House of Justice leans towards "assistants" not retiring from administrative work, although in consultation with their Spiritual Assembly it may be quite in order; it would be preferable, however, for the suggestion to come from the appointee and not from the Spiritual Assembly. Written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated November 10, 1975, to a National Spiritual Assembly Assistants Who Are Also Members of an Administrative Institution Assistants who are members of a National Assembly or a national committee do not function as assistants in relation to that body, and they have the same duty to observe the confidentiality of its consultations, and of matters considered by the Assembly to be confidential, as does any other member. An assistant can, of course, be a member of a Local Spiritual Assembly, but his task here as an assistant is to help the Spiritual Assembly to function harmoniously and efficiently in the discharge of its duties and this will hardly succeed if he gives the Assembly the feeling that he is 1.25 The Local Spiritual Assembly reporting privately everything it does to the Auxiliary Board member. He should, on the contrary, do all he can to foster an atmosphere of warm and loving collaboration between the Local Assembly and the Board member. Written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated August 2, 1982, to a National Spiritual Assembly /// (See also Chapter 3, "Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly," for further information on confidentiality) SUGGESTED READINGS The Covenant and the Administrative Order SUGGESTED READINGS Tablets of Baha'u'llah revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas, pp. 217-23 Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha God Passes By, Shoghi Effendi, pp. 158-329 The World Order of Baha'u'llah, Shoghi Effendi, pp. 141-57 The Covenant, compiled by the Universal House of Justice Electing Baha'i Assemblies, published by the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States, 1997 The Covenant: Its Meaning and Origin and Our Attitude Toward It, compiled by the National Teaching Committee of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States A Miracle of Governance: the Local Spiritual Assembly, a video and workbook deepening program prepared by the Office of Assembly Development of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States, 1997 March of the Institutions, Eunice Braun Eternal Covenant, Lowell Johnson Covenant of Baha'u'llah, Adib Taherzadeh The National Spiritual Assembly The National Spiritual Assembly, compiled by the Universal House of Justice The Local Spiritual Assembly The Local Spiritual Assembly, compiled by the Universal House of Justice 2.1 Chapter 2 THE FORMATION OF THE ASSEMBLY FORMING THE ASSEMBLY Obligation to Form It is of the utmost importance that in accordance with the explicit text of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, the Most Holy Book, in every locality, be it city or hamlet, where the number of adult (21 years and above) declared believers exceeds nine, a local "Spiritual Assembly" be forthwith established. To it all local matters pertaining to the Cause must be directly and immediately referred for full consultation and decision. The importance, nay the absolute necessity of these local Assemblies is manifest when we realize that in the days to come they will evolve into the local Houses of Justice. . . . Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 37 Shoghi Effendi feels that in any locality where the number of adult believers reaches nine, a local Assembly should be established. He feels this to be an obligation rather than a purely voluntary act. Only in exceptional cases has the National Spiritual Assembly the right to postpone the formation of an Assembly if it feels that the situation does not warrant such a formation. This right, however, should be exercised if the situation absolutely demands it. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, Principles of Baha'i Administration, p. 46 Historical Perspective In developing the Administrative Order, the Guardian established the First Day of Ridvan as the day when all Local Spiritual Assemblies should be elected. During his own lifetime, this practice was followed as the number of Local Assemblies steadily grew to over one thousand. In the subsequent two decades the Faith expanded greatly, especially in the rural areas of the world, often remote and difficult to reach. In view of this development, the Universal House of 2.2 The Formation of the Assembly Justice decided in 1977 that, in certain cases, when the local friends failed to elect their Spiritual Assembly on the First Day of Ridvan, they could do so on any subsequent Day of the Ridvan festival. This permission did not apply to all localities, but to those that, in the judgment of the National Spiritual Assembly, were particularly affected by such factors as illiteracy, remoteness, and unfamiliarity with concepts of Baha'i administration. The House of Justice also gave permission at the beginning of the Five Year Plan for Assemblies being formed for the first time to be elected at any point during the year. Responsibility of Baha'is in the Locality These provisions have enabled the believers in a large number of localities to receive assistance in electing their Local Spiritual Assemblies, and much experience has been gained in strengthening Local Assemblies under diverse conditions in a vast array of cultural settings. Nevertheless, in principle, the initiative and responsibility for electing a Local Spiritual Assembly belong primarily to the Baha'is in the locality, and assistance from outside is ultimately fruitful only if the friends become conscious of this sacred responsibility. As progress is made in the training of human resources and in the development of the entire range of Baha'i community life, the capacity of the friends to elect their Local Spiritual Assemblies on their own will certainly grow. Election Day: First Day of Ridvan With these thoughts in mind, we have decided that, beginning at Ridvan 1997, the practice of electing all Local Spiritual Assemblies on the First Day of Ridvan will be reinstituted. We recognize that the immediate result my be a reduction in the number of Local Spiritual Assemblies at Ridvan 1997, but we are confident that subsequent years will witness a steady increase. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 26, 1995, to the Conference of the Continental Boards of counselors Annual Meeting The Annual Meeting of the Corporation [the Local Spiritual Assembly] at which its Trustees shall be elected shall be held on the first day of Ridvan, being that period between sunset on April 20 and sunset on April 21, at an hour and place to be fixed by the Spiritual Assembly, which shall give not less than fifteen days' notice of the meeting to all members of the local Baha'i community. Section 1. The Spiritual Assembly shall accept those votes transmitted to the Assembly before the election by members who by reason of sickness or other unavoidable reason are unable to be present at the election in person. 2.3 Preparation for the Annual Meeting Section 2. The election of members to the Spiritual Assembly shall be by plurality vote [whereby candidates that have obtained the highest number of votes, regardless of whether they received a majority of the votes cast, are elected]. Section 3. All voting members of the local Baha'i community are eligible for election as members of the Spiritual Assembly. Section 4. The Spiritual Assembly shall prepare an agenda for the Annual Meeting in which shall be included reports of the activities of the Assembly since its election, a financial statement showing all income and expenditure of its fund, reports of its committees and presentation of any other matters pertaining to the affairs of the Baha'i community. The Assembly, both preceding and following the Annual Election, shall invite discussion and welcome suggestions from the community in order that its plans may reflect the community mind and heart. Section 5. The result of the election shall be reported by the Spiritual Assembly to the National Spiritual Assembly. Articles of Incorporation, Constitution, and By-Laws of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States, Article XI, By-Laws of a Local Spiritual Assembly . Preparation for the Annual Meeting /// The Local Spiritual Assembly may wish to begin in early March to prepare for the Annual Meeting by taking the following steps: /// * Schedule the Annual Meeting to take place during the period between sunset on April 20 and sunset on April 21. (An Annual Meeting held at any other time will invalidate the election.) /// * Determine the place of the meeting. /// * Notify all voting members (those twenty-one and over) of the time and place of the Annual Meeting and provide instructions for absentee ballots. (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Absentee Ballots") /// If the Assembly is to be re-formed, fifteen days' notice should be given. Failure to give at least fifteen days' notice, however, will not necessarily invalidate the election. (When a Local Spiritual Assembly is formed for the first time, advance notice should be given; however, no specific time period is required.) /// * Appoint tellers (at least two) to count the votes at the election. /// (See also in this Chapter, Section titled "Tellers") 2.4 The Formation of the Assembly /// * Instruct the tellers, one of whom should be designated chief teller. /// The following steps should be taken at the Annual Meeting before voting: /// * Read the qualifications for Assembly membership and procedures for voting /// * Provide ballot paper /// * Update the adult membership list /// Announce at the meeting all persons who have transferred in or out of the community since the election notices were sent. A current voting list may be provided for every adult; or, where this is not feasible, copies of the adult membership list should be available at the time of the election. Agenda /// The Local Spiritual Assembly sets the agenda for the Annual Meeting. The following agenda is provided merely as an example of how the Assembly might wish to organize the meeting: /// * Opening prayers /// * Presentation of the Annual Report /// * Consultation and questions on the Annual Report /// * Reading of election call /// * Introduction of tellers and instructions on voting procedure /// * Final call for absentee ballots /// * Announcement of persons who have recently transferred in or /// * out of the community since the election call /// * Prayer /// * Voting /// * Collection of ballots by tellers /// * Consultation on the development of the community in the /// * coming year /// * Tellers' report and acceptance by community /// * Closing prayer Annual Report /// The Annual Report is a summary of the community's goals, concerns, activities, and progress of the past year. It should also reflect the nature of the participation of the community in the national and global plans of the Faith. Incorporated Assemblies may also need to submit this report to the state to maintain their incorporation. The 2.5 Reports of Committees Annual Report is normally distributed to the community prior to the election of the Assembly, either at the Annual Meeting or in a mailing before the Annual Meeting.(For more information, see also Section titled "Incorporated Assemblies" in this Chapter) /// The Local Assembly makes the final determination of what is included in the Annual Report. The following basic information may be included: /// * Name and location of the Spiritual Assembly /// * Date of report /// * Period covered /// * Results of the last annual election and any by-elections /// * Assembly membership and attendance record /// * Vital statistics: /// * total membership of the community /// * makeup of membership--adults, youth, children /// * enrollments for the year /// * transfers in and out, withdrawals, deprivations of /// * administrative rights /// * marriages, births, deaths /// * Nineteen Day Feast (percentage of community attendance) /// * Major local projects and activities, and their progress to date /// * Part played by the community in national and global plans of the Faith, including: /// * extension teaching /// * pioneers sent out /// * community support of national activities /// * Noteworthy developments /// * Financial record /// * total contributions received to date /// * expenditures /// * percentage of community participating in the Fund Reports of Committees /// Committee reports should be submitted to the Assembly well before the Annual Meeting. The Assembly will need time to review the reports and to decide what to include in its own general report to the community. (Or the Assembly may simply add the committee reports as an addendum to its report.) Altogether, the yearly reports prepared by the Assembly and its committees constitute the Annual Report of the Local Spiritual Assembly which must be kept in the permanent files of the Assembly. A copy of the report should be sent to the National Spiritual Assembly and may also be shared with the Auxiliary Board member(s) 2.6 The Formation of the Assembly Incorporated Assemblies /// Incorporated Assemblies may have to meet certain legal requirements to maintain their corporate status. These requirements vary from state to state. The Assembly may, for example, be required to have presented and to have received acceptance of the minutes of the last year's Annual Meeting. Incorporated Assemblies should make sure that they familiarize themselves with and adhere to the state requirements. Tellers /// The tellers are appointed by the outgoing Spiritual Assembly. Any Baha'i, adult or youth, in good standing may serve as teller; however, the Chief Teller should be an adult. The task includes: /// * Collecting the ballots /// * Counting the ballots /// * Making certain that the ballots are valid /// * Recording the results /// * Reporting the results to the election meeting /// Submitting to the local and National Spiritual Assembly a report signed by all tellers. This report becomes part of the permanent records of the community. /// In addition, the Chief Teller is responsible for organizing the work of the tellers, announcing the results of the election and any other relevant information desired by the electors, and ensuring that the election report is signed by all tellers. /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Counting the Ballots"; Chapter 3, Section titled "Service of Children and Youth") ELECTION PROCESS The Spirit and Character of Baha'i Elections On the election day, the friends must wholeheartedly participate in the elections, in unity and amity, turning their hearts to God, detached from all things but Him, seeking His guidance and supplicating His aid and bounty. Shoghi Effendi, translation of letter dated February 27, 1923, to Persian believers, in "Extracts from the Guardian's Letters on the Spiritual Character of Baha'i Elections," p. 1 I feel that reference to personalities before the election would give rise to misunderstanding and differences. What the friends should do is to get thoroughly acquainted with one another, to exchange views, to mix freely and discuss among themselves the requirements and qualifications for such a membership without reference or application, however indirect, to particular individuals. We should refrain from influencing the opinion of others, of canvassing 2.7 Qualifications for Membership for any particular individual, but should stress the necessity of getting fully acquainted with the qualifications of membership referred to in our Beloved's Tablets and of learning more about one another through direct, personal experience rather than through the reports and opinions of our friends. Shoghi Effendi, Principles of Baha'i Administration, p. 47 Let us recall His explicit and often-repeated assurances that every Assembly elected in that rarefied atmosphere of selflessness and detachment is, in truth, appointed of God, that its verdict is truly inspired, that one and all should submit to its decision unreservedly and with cheerfulness. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 65 The elector . . . is called upon to vote for none but those whom prayer and reflection have inspired him to uphold. Moreover, the practice of nomination, so detrimental to the atmosphere of a silent and prayerful election, is viewed with mistrust, inasmuch as it gives the right . . . to deny that God-given right of every elector to vote only in favor of those who he is conscientiously convinced are the most worthy candidates. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 136 Let them exercise the utmost vigilance so that the elections are carried out freely, universally and by secret ballot. Any form of intrigue, deception, collusion and compulsion must be stopped and is forbidden. Shoghi Effendi, translation of letter dated March 8, 1932, to Persian believers, in "Extracts from the Guardian's Letters on the Spiritual Character of Baha'i Elections," p. 2 One's vote should be kept confidential. It is not permissible to make any reference whatsoever to individual names. The friends must avoid the evil methods and detestable practices of the politicians. They must turn completely to God, and with a purity of motive, a freedom of spirit and a sanctity of heart, participate in the elections; otherwise the outcome will be chaos and confusion, serious difficulties will ensue, mischief will abound and the confirmation of God will be cut off. Shoghi Effendi, translation of letter dated January 16, 1932, to Persian believers in "Extracts from the Guardian's Letters on the Spiritual Character of Baha'i Elections," p. 2 Qualifications for Membership It is incumbent upon the chosen delegates to consider without the least trace of passion and prejudice, and irrespective of any material consideration, the names of only those who can best 2.8 The Formation of the Assembly combine the necessary qualities of unquestioned loyalty, of selfless devotion, of a well-trained mind, of recognized ability and mature experience. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 88 If we but turn our gaze to the high qualifications of the members of Baha'i Assemblies . . . we are filled with feelings of unworthiness and dismay, and would feel truly disheartened but for the comforting thought that if we rise to play nobly our part every deficiency in our lives will be more than compensated by the all-conquering spirit of His grace and power. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 88 In regard to your question about qualifications of delegates and Assembly members: the qualifications which he outlined are really applicable to anyone we elect to a Baha'i office, whatever its nature. But these are only an indication, they do not mean people who don't fulfill them cannot be elected to office. We must aim as high as we can. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, letter dated October 24, 1947, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in "Extracts from the Guardian's Letters on the Spiritual Character of Baha'i Elections," p. 3 Concerning the qualifications of the members of the spiritual assembly; there is a distinction of fundamental importance which should be always remembered in this connection, and this is between the spiritual assembly as an institution, and the persons who comprise it. These are by no means supposed to be perfect, nor can they be considered as being inherently superior to the rest of their fellow-believers. It is precisely because they are subject to the same human limitations that characterize the other members of the community that they have to be elected every year. The existence of elections is a sufficient indication that assembly members, though forming part of an institution that is divine and perfect, are nevertheless themselves imperfect. But this does not necessarily imply that their judgment is defective. For as 'Abdu'l-Baha has repeatedly emphasized Baha'i assemblies are under the guidance and protection of God. The elections, specially when annual, give the community a good opportunity to remedy any defect or imperfection from which the assembly may suffer as a result of the actions of its members. Thus a safe method has been established whereby the quality of membership in Baha'i assemblies can be continually raised and improved. But, as already stated, the institution of the 2.9 The Benefits of Electing New Members spiritual assembly should under no circumstances be identified with, or be estimated merely through, the personal qualifications of the members that compose it. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, pp. 9-10 Physical Handicaps In view of the spiritual principles which must guide the elector in selecting those he feels are best fitted to serve on the Assembly, and to preserve the unfettered freedom of the voter, a believer should not be arbitrarily considered ineligible for Assembly membership because of physical handicaps. The handicapped person, seemingly incapable of taking part in consultation, may in fact be able to function quite adequately, provided his fellow Assembly members are determined to find ways in which they can help him to participate. In the Baha'i community for anyone to be elected, a sufficient number of voters must have prayerfully considered that believer fitted to serve. If the elected Assembly finds that one of its members is unable to function, the question of declaring a vacancy may be considered. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated January 15, 1965, to a National Spiritual Assembly Representation of Minorities Bearing in mind the extreme desirability of having the minority elements participate and share responsibility in the conduct of Baha'i activity, it should be the duty of every Baha'i community so to arrange its affairs that in cases where individuals belonging to the diverse minority elements within it are already qualified and fulfill the necessary requirements, Baha'i representative institutions, be they Assemblies, conventions, conferences, or committees, may have represented on them as many of these diverse elements, racial or otherwise, as possible. Shoghi Effendi, The Advent of Divine Justice, pp. 35-36 The Benefits of Electing New Members Shoghi Effendi has never said that the members of the National Assembly have to be renewed partially every year. The important thing is that they should be properly elected. It would be nice if there should be new members elected, for new blood always adds to the energy of the group and will keep up their spirit. But this depends entirely upon the will of the delegates as represented in the result of their voting. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, letter dated October 1932 He was very happy to see that changes had been made in membership of the N.S.A. this year, not from any reasons of 2.10 The Formation of the Assembly personality, but because change itself is good and brings a fresh outlook into the discussions of any assembly. He was also pleased to see that these changes involved more younger people being on the N.S.A.; with the tremendous amount of work which this . . . Plan is going to involve, this will be a great help to the older members of that body. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The National Spiritual Assembly, p. 18 Eligibility to Vote or Hold Office Age Upon attaining the age of twenty-one years, a Baha'i is eligible to vote and to hold elective office. By-Laws of a Local Spiritual Assembly, Article V Members of the Institution of the Learned The exalted rank and specific functions of the Hands of the Cause of God make it inappropriate for them to be elected or appointed to administrative institutions, or to be elected as delegates to national conventions. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated November 1964, Wellspring of Guidance, p. 42 Auxiliary Board members are eligible to be elected. Therefore, a ballot should not be invalidated because it contains the name of a member of an Auxiliary Board. The basic principle involved is that the Board member himself must decide whether or not to accept his election. As you have stated in your letter, if the membership in a Baha'i community drops to nine, including the Auxiliary Board member resident there, the Auxiliary Board member may serve temporarily as a member of the Assembly to preserve its Assembly status. The Universal House of Justice, in The Continental Boards of Counselors, p. 33 All adult Baha'is, including members of the Auxiliary Board, are eligible to vote in elections for delegates or in elections for members of the Local Spiritual Assembly. The Universal House of Justice, in The Continental Boards of Counselors, p. 34 Believers can serve at the same time both as assistants to Auxiliary Board members and on administrative institutions. The Universal House of Justice, in The Continental Boards of Counselors, pp. 54-55 Residency Requirements To count as a member of a local Baha'i community for the purpose of forming or maintaining the Local Spiritual Assembly, a believer must be resident in that area of jurisdiction on the First Day of Ridvan. This is the principle. What constitutes "residence" is a secondary matter for each National Spiritual Assembly to decide. . . . 2.11 Newly-Enrolled Baha'is It is, moreover, not essential for a person to be physically present to be a resident. There are many instances of a sailor or salesman who spends most of his time moving from place to place but who is indisputably resident in the town where his family lives. All such matters must be decided by the National Spiritual Assembly in the light of the circumstances of each case within the general framework of the definition of "residence" that it adopts. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated September 18, 1985, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance , par. 20 Students and Others Who Reside in More Than One Community For example, it may be that a university student spends some six months of the year in the town where his university is, and the other half-year in the home of his parents. In such a case it is normal to permit him to choose which of the two places is to count as his residence for Baha'i purposes; one cannot count as being "resident" in two places at once. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated September 18, 1985, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance, par. 20 Moving after Ridvan /// It is a policy of the National Spiritual Assembly that if a Baha'i has made a firm commitment, such as signing a lease or purchase agreement on a house, he is eligible to vote in that community's election or be elected to the Assembly of that community provided that he is able physically to reside in the community within 90 days. Moving after the Election Calls Have Been Sent /// There is no minimum amount of time Baha'is must be residents of a community before they can participate in a Baha'i election. If they move to a community the day of an election, they may participate in it as long as the Assembly is convinced that they are making their home in that community. Change of Boundaries /// Baha'i community membership is often affected by civil boundary changes, and because of this, those who are eligible to serve during one year on the Assembly may not be members of the same community the next year. The National Spiritual Assembly should be notified of all civil boundary changes. No change in a membership list resulting from civil boundary changes should be made until the National Spiritual Assembly approves or acknowledges the changes. Newly-Enrolled Baha'is /// Unless they are from the Middle East (see following section), newly-enrolled Baha'is are eligible to vote in an election or to be elected to a Local Spiritual Assembly, regardless of whether they have received Baha'i identification cards from the National Spiritual Assembly. 2.12 The Formation of the Assembly Newly-Transferred Baha'is /// Pending the transfer of their membership into the United States Baha'i community from the community of the country in which they were last residing, Baha'is with current credentials from other countries (not visitors) may be considered eligible to vote or to be elected to an Assembly. They must submit their credentials (and ask for a return receipt) to the National Spiritual Assembly and request that their membership be transferred to the United States Baha'i community. If, after 60 days, the Baha'is still have not received their United States Baha'i credentials, the National Spiritual Assembly should be notified. /// Baha'is without credentials from another country (not visitors) who have not yet received United States Baha'i credentials are not eligible to vote and serve on a Spiritual Assembly until their status has been verified and their transfer has been completed. They must contact their former National Spiritual Assembly and ask that their credentials be sent to the United States National Spiritual Assembly. Enrollments and Transfers from the Middle East /// Any person from Persian background, regardless of their immigration status or length of stay in the U.S., and Middle Easterners may participate in administrative functions only after their enrollments and transfers are confirmed by the National Spiritual Assembly. Baha'is with Unknown Adresses /// If the community membership list includes the names of Baha'is whose mail has been returned, the Assembly should not remove their names from the community list or voting list unless it has been verified that the persons no longer live at their last known address. /// Concerning those persons for whom every effort has been made to locate them, to no avail, the Assembly should notify the National Spiritual Assembly (Attn: Management Information Systems office) and ask that they be removed from the local community's membership list. /// (See also Chapter 6, "Community Membership") Special Circumstances While this teaching work is commendable those who accept Baha'u'llah under these conditions cannot undertake administrative responsibilities, nor can Local Assemblies be formed in prisons. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated February 9, 1972, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance , par. 25 Prisoners You are free to accept declarations of faith from inmates of a prison, but their participation as voting believers can take place only after they have been discharged from prison. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 8, 1969, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance , 1994 ed., par. 263 2.13 Sacred Responsibility Mentally Ill or Senile /// If a believer is incapable of serving due to mental illness or senility, the Assembly should write to the National Spiritual Assembly, recommending that the person be relieved of administrative service. Until the National Assembly approves the recommendation, the person should continue to be included on the voting list. Withdrawals /// If a person has asked to withdraw from the Faith but the community has not received notice from the National Spiritual Assembly that the withdrawal has been officially accepted, the person is still considered a member of the community, and their name should be included on the voting list. /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Election of a Believer Who Has Withdrawn") Reinstatement from Withdrawal /// A person who has previously withdrawn and wishes to be reinstated to Baha'i membership is eligible to vote in an election only after the reinstatement has been approved by the National Spiritual Assembly. The Local Spiritual Assembly should send its recommendation to the National Spiritual Assembly, which will then notify the Local Spiritual Assembly upon approval of the reinstatement. /// (See also Chapter 6, Section entitled "Withdrawal from and Reinstatement of Membership") Voting Sacred Responsibility These local Spiritual Assemblies will have to be elected directly by the friends, and every declared believer of twenty-one years and above, far from standing aloof and assuming an indifferent or independent attitude, should regard it his sacred duty to take part conscientiously and diligently in the election, the consolidation and the efficient working of his own local Assembly. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 39 I feel I must reaffirm the vital importance and necessity of the right of voting--a sacred responsibility of which no adult recognized believer should be deprived, unless he is associated with a community that has not as yet been in a position to establish a Local Assembly. This distinguishing right which the believer possesses, however, does not carry with it nor does it imply an obligation to cast his vote, if he feels that the circumstances under which he lives do not justify or allow him to exercise that right intelligently and with understanding. This is a matter which should be left to the individual to decide himself according to his own conscience and discretion. Shoghi Effendi, Messages to America, pp. 3-4 2.14 The Formation of the Assembly Nine Votes Must Be Cast Inasmuch as Spiritual Assembly membership, according to the principles of Baha'i Administration, has been limited for the present to nine members, it follows that no electoral vote can be effective unless it is cast for exactly that number. It is, therefore, the sacred duty of every Baha'i elector to cast nine votes, neither more nor less, except under special circumstances so as to insure that the results of the elections for the Spiritual Assembly will be effective and on as wide a basis of representation as possible. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, letter dated March 27, 1940, to a National Spiritual Assembly, Lights of Guidance , par.42 Voting for Oneself A believer has the right to vote for himself during the election time, if he conscientiously feels the urge to do so. This does not necessarily imply that he is ambitious or selfish. For he might conscientiously believe that his qualifications entitle him to membership in a Baha'i administrative body, and he might be right. The essential, however, is that he should be sincere in his belief, and should act according to the dictates of his conscience. Moreover, membership in an assembly or committee is a form of service, and should not be looked upon as a mark of inherent superiority or a means for self-praise. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, Dawn of a New Day, pp. 200-201 Voting Absentee The same procedure in voting should be followed, namely, the ballot should be placed and sealed in an unmarked inner envelope and that envelope placed in an outer envelope marked with the name of the voter. . . . Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated January 21, 1973, to all National Spiritual Assemblies /// Those Baha'is who are unable to be present at the election may mail in their votes or send them with a Baha'i who will attend the meeting using the ballot paper and the two envelopes provided. The inner envelope in which the ballot is enclosed should have no mark which can identify the voter. The ballot envelope should be sealed and placed in the second or outer envelope. The outer envelope should have the name and address of the sender and be marked "ballot." If mailed, the absentee ballot should be mailed enough in advance to ensure its receipt prior to the election date. /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Preparation for the Annual Meeting") /// If a person is unable to fill out a ballot form, he may call a person designated by the Assembly to accept the ballots (usually the Chief 2.15 In Case of Minority Teller or the Secretary of the Assembly). The Local Spiritual Assembly should make some kind of arrangements to accept ballots from those who cannot speak or write English or who cannot, for whatever reason, fill out a ballot. (For example, a youth could be designated to fill out the ballot according to the person's wishes.) Tie Votes /// If there is a tie for the ninth member on the Assembly, the community should re-vote to break the tie. An exception to the rule occurs when one of the parties represents a minority. In case by reason of a tie vote or votes the full membership of an elected body is not determined on the first ballot, then one or more additional ballots shall be taken on the persons tied until all members are elected. The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice, Article VI Q. In the case of a tie between five persons for three vacancies should the names of the five be read for the delegates' vote? A. Yes. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated July 29, 1971, to a National Spiritual Assembly, Lights of Guidance , par. 80 Regarding your question about the breaking of tie votes, a balloting to break such a tie vote for members of a Spiritual Assembly may be held after the first day of Ridvan if necessary, but obviously the day of balloting should not be delayed too long. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated July 4, 1972, to a National Spiritual Assembly In Case of Minority If any discrimination is at all to be tolerated, it should be a discrimination not against, but rather in favor of the minority, be it racial or otherwise. . . . So great and vital is this principle that in such circumstances, as when an equal number of ballots have been cast in an election . . . [and] are balanced between the various races, faiths or nationalities within the community, priority should unhesitatingly be accorded the party representing the minority, and this for no other reason except to stimulate and encourage it, and afford it an opportunity to further the interests of the community. Shoghi Effendi, The Advent of Divine Justice, p. 35 There are so many varieties of situations which can occur in respect to minorities, and in so many different circumstances in different parts of the world, that it is impossible to lay down a hard and fast rule. The two guiding principles are the beloved Guardian's 2.16 The Formation of the Assembly statement, which is well known to you, and its concomitant that whenever there is doubt as to what is a minority or whether all other matters are equal a re-vote should be taken. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated September 27, 1973, to a National Spiritual Assembly What is not clearly defined is "majority" and "minority." The Guardian refers to "various races, faiths or nationalities." Where this is obvious, e.g., in the United States a white American and a Negro, there is no problem. In all cases of doubt a re-vote should be held. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated June 30, 1966, to a National Spiritual Assembly /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Policy of the National Spiritual Assembly on What Constitutes a Minority") Policy of the National Spiritual Assembly on What Constitutes a Minority The definition of a minority in any locality is in the discretion of the National Spiritual Assembly. It is clear that pioneers from other lands should not be regarded as belonging to a minority, neither do the categories quoted by the Guardian in The Advent of Divine Justice namely, "faith, race, class or nation," include sex. The overriding principle is always that if there is any doubt as to whether the minority principle should be invoked, then a further ballot should be taken. Written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated March 5, 1986, to a National Spiritual Assembly, Lights of Guidance, par. 84 /// Since there are many nationalities represented in the United States, and in any given community many members could claim justly to belong to various nationalities, the settling of a tie on the basis of nationality is unworkable. Therefore, the National Spiritual Assembly has established that the question of what constitutes a minority for the purpose of resolving tie votes in Baha'i elections must be determined according to race. At this time, the criteria used to determine a racial minority are those established by the United States government and are not based upon the racial make-up of the Baha'i community. For example, if there is a tie vote between a Caucasian believer and a Hispanic believer, and the majority of the Baha'i community consists of Hispanic believers, the Hispanic believer would be elected to the Local Spiritual Assembly because Hispanic people are considered a racial minority by the United States government. Persians are considered a nationality and not a racial minority. 2.17 Preservation of the Ballots Counting the Ballots It is for your National Assembly to determine how to properly instruct the delegates beforehand in the recording of identical names on ballots and to give the tellers guidelines for handling these questions when they arise in the counting of the ballots. Thereafter, it is for the tellers to make the decision and give the results to the Convention or Assembly. . . . Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated July 29, 1971, to a National Spiritual Assembly As to whether a voter in a Baha'i election has the right to know how many votes he may have received in that election even if he was not elected, it is inappropriate for an individual to raise such a question. . . . The procedure which applies in the reporting of the results of a Baha'i election is as stated in the letter of 16 December 1965 addressed to your National Assembly by the Universal House of Justice and is recited as follows for your ready reference: Normal Convention procedure would call for a tellers' report announcing the names of the nine believers elected to the National Spiritual Assembly plus statistical information as to the balance of the votes cast. However, if the Convention votes to have the complete report of the tellers, or any part of it, the Convention is entitled to have the information which will thereupon be presented by the tellers in accordance with the vote of the Convention. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated May 4, 1984, to a National Spiritual Assembly Invalid Ballots Under certain conditions an entire ballot may be declared invalid. These are: (1) More than nine names on ballot paper; (2) Less than nine names on ballot paper; (3) Duplication of names. Under other conditions, because of specified irregularities, one or more of the names may be invalidated but the rest of the ballot would be considered valid. These irregularities are: (1) A name not identifiable, or illegible; (2) The name of an ineligible person, such as a youth or person not resident in the jurisdiction of the voting area, provided of course that each ballot contains no more or less than nine names and no name has been duplicated. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated July 29, 1971, to a National Spiritual Assembly Preservation of the Ballots While it is within the discretion of a National Spiritual Assembly to determine what to do about preservation of the ballots 2.18 The Formation of the Assembly following the annual election, the House of Justice points out that should any question concerning the balloting arise during the year following the election, it would be helpful if the ballots were available for National Spiritual Assembly scrutiny. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, July 22, 1980, Lights of Guidance, par. 93 Election Results and Recognition Once Assembly elections are over, the results should be conscientiously and unquestionably accepted by the entire body of the believers, not necessarily because they represent the voice of truth or the will of Baha'u'llah, but for the supreme purpose of maintaining unity and harmony in the Community. Besides, the acceptance of majority vote is the only effective and practical way of settling deadlocks in elections. No other solution is indeed possible. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, letter dated July 10, 1939, to an individual believer Electing Officers /// (Please see Chapter 3, Section entitled "Electing Officers") Election with Less Than a Quorum No quorum is required in the holding of an election for a Local Spiritual Assembly. This rule also applies in the case of By-elections. The mere fact that less than nine vote for the members of the Local Spiritual Assembly does not invalidate the election. As you know, the National Assembly can always look into the circumstances surrounding a Local Spiritual Assembly election and use its discretion in determining whether, considering all circumstances, the existence of the Local Spiritual Assembly should be recognized. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated April 16, 1969, to a National Spiritual Assembly /// There is no prescribed minimum number of persons required at the annual meeting and the National Spiritual Assembly may, at its discretion, choose to recognize an Assembly even if only a few persons vote. /// In all cases, an Assembly should be formed and the formation papers submitted to the National Spiritual Assembly describing any unusual or extenuating circumstances. The National Spiritual Assembly will review the information and decide whether the election is valid or not. In the meantime, those elected should begin to carry out the duties and responsibilities of a Local Spiritual Assembly. /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "When to Form") 2.19 Reporting Election Information to the National Spiritual Assembly Resignation of Assembly Member Your Assembly should first have considered whether to accept Miss . . .'s resignation, and then, if the Assembly had accepted her resignation, the vacancy should have been filled by a By- election. . . . Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, July 6, 1981, Lights of Guidance, par. 88 /// If one of the elected members declines service on the Assembly, the resignation must be submitted to the newly elected Assembly. (The resignation cannot be considered by the community at the Annual Meeting.) /// The newly elected Spiritual Assembly should consult, seeking the guidance of the National Spiritual Assembly if necessary, and call for a By-election if a vacancy is declared. Before the person can be replaced, all members of the community must be notified of the need for a By-election. /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "By-Elections"; and Chapter 3, Section titled "Resignation") Election of a Believer Who Has Withdrawn If, prior to local elections an enrolled believer withdraws from the Faith and this leads to the removal of his name from Baha'i membership, and yet he is subsequently elected to the Local Assembly, such votes as have been cast in his name are disregarded without invalidating the remaining votes on the ballots. If, however, the process of withdrawal has not taken place, that is, the believer refuses on the day of election to participate and expresses then his desire to withdraw from the community, and yet he is subsequently elected to the Assembly, since his withdrawal is generally unknown to the friends, in such a case the remaining eight elected members should meet, consider the withdrawal, and if his name has to be removed from Baha'i membership, a by-election should be held to fill the vacancy. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated December 11, 1979, to a National Spiritual Assembly Reporting Election Information to the National Spiritual Assembly The result of the election shall be reported by the Spiritual Assembly to the National Spiritual Assembly. By-Laws of a Local Spiritual Assembly, Article XI, Section 5 /// Before Ridvan, the National Spiritual Assembly sends election forms and instructions to Local Spiritual Assemblies. Communities that have not received the forms should request them from the Management Information Services department at the Baha'i National Center. 2.20 The Formation of the Assembly The forms should be completed and returned to the National Assembly immediately following the election (or joint declaration). /// Note: It is preferable that Assembly officers be elected and their names forwarded to the National Spiritual Assembly on the election (or joint declaration) form. However, if it is not possible to elect officers immediately after the Assembly formation, a temporary secretary (someone to receive mail and telephone calls) should be appointed and recorded on the form, and the form sent in immediately. Permanent officers should be elected and reported as soon as possible on the "Assembly Officer and Address Change" form. Formation Report Form Not Received /// If the Local Spiritual Assembly does not receive the formation report form by the time of the election, the election results may be reported in a letter to the National Spiritual Assembly. The report should state whether the Assembly was formed by election or joint declaration and include the date, the name of the Baha'i locality, the names and Baha'i identification numbers of the Assembly members and the number of votes each member received. Also included should be the total number of believers in the community, the number of those voting in person and by absentee ballot, and the names of the tellers. If Assembly officers have been elected, these should also be noted. Joint Declaration The National Baha'i Constitution specifies: "When . . . the number of Baha'is in any authorized civil area is exactly nine, these shall on April 21 of any year, or in successive years, constitute themselves the Local Spiritual Assembly by joint declaration. Upon the recording of such declaration by the Secretary of the National Spiritual Assembly, said body of nine shall become established with the rights, privileges and duties of a Local Spiritual Assembly. . . ." It can therefore be seen that it is the duty of every Baha'i in such a situation to take part in the joint declaration. . . . It should also be noted that although the Constitution specifies that the joint declaration is to be made on the First Day of Ridvan, it does not state the manner in which it is to be made. Such subsidiary details are left to the decision of each National Spiritual Assembly. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 12, 1969 When Assembly Is to Be Formed for the First Time When the Spiritual Assembly is to be formed for the first time (by joint declaration) and one or more of the adult believers refuses to join in the declaration, the Spiritual Assembly cannot be formed. Policy of the National Spiritual Assembly 2.21 The following extract from a letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice to the National Spiritual Assembly of Belgium is pertinent to the treatment of the believer, or believers, who refuse to take part in the declaration: It can therefore be seen that it is the duty of every Baha'i in such a situation to take part in the joint declaration. If a Baha'i, however, refuses to do so he should be helped to realize that he has committed a grave dereliction of his Baha'i duty. In this stage of the development of the Cause a National Spiritual Assembly should not, generally, deprive a believer of his voting rights for such an offense, but should lovingly and patiently educate the friends in the importance of their responsibilities. Amended by the Universal House of Justice in a letter dated April 5, 1981, to a National Spiritual Assembly When Assembly Is to Be Re-formed When a Local Spiritual Assembly is to be re-formed by joint declaration, the failure or refusal of a believer to take part in the joint declaration would not be a bar to the re-formation of the Assembly. The way the declaration is made is within the discretion of the National Spiritual Assembly to determine, and it may or may not require signatures. It is not necessary that all nine members sign the joint declaration together. One or more may happen to be physically absent on the first day of Ridvan and in such cases the absent members could sign the declaration at a later date, or take part in the joint declaration in such a manner as the National Spiritual Assembly may decide. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated August 10, 1987, to a National Spiritual Assembly Policy of the National Spiritual Assembly /// If a Local Spiritual Assembly is being formed by joint declaration, all members should sign the joint declaration form. Those who are unavailable to sign at the same time as the others may sign their names earlier or later. /// If all signatures cannot be obtained or if any difficulties arise, the Assembly should still form and send the joint declaration form to the National Spiritual Assembly as soon as possible after Ridvan. The Local Spiritual Assembly should include a letter explaining any difficulties and give the reasons for any missing signatures. The joint declaration should be considered valid unless the community is notified otherwise by the National Spiritual Assembly. 2.22 The Formation of the Assembly Registration of a Baha'i Group /// Baha'i groups are registered by meeting together to elect a correspondent and other group officers, if needed, and submitting a "Baha'i Group Officers Election Report" form to the Baha'i National Center. This form is available from the Management Information Services department at the Baha'i National Center. The group will then begin to receive correspondence from the Baha'i National Center. Although a group may elect officers at any time, it is recommended that it hold a new election each year on the First Day of Ridvan at an annual meeting. All adult believers should be notified of the election at least 15 days in advance. /// In principle, Baha'i groups regularly meet and consult together regarding such matters as the observance of Feasts, the development of children's classes, and the planning of teaching events in much the same way as Local Spiritual Assemblies. Decisions are carried by majority vote. Baha'i groups cannot perform the legislative duties of an Assembly, however, such as performing Baha'i marriages or handling cases involving the violation of Baha'i laws. Should an issue requiring the attention of a Local Spiritual Assembly arise, the group should turn to a nearby Assembly for assistance. /// The central focus of the Baha'i group should be toward raising itself to Assembly status through teaching efforts. It may enlist the assistance of nearby Spiritual Assemblies, inviting them to adopt their community as an extension teaching goal, or it may request from the National Teaching Committee that traveling teachers be sent to assist with its teaching plans. By-Elections Vacancies in the membership of the Spiritual Assembly shall be filled by election at a special meeting of the local Baha'i community duly called for that purpose by the Assembly. In the event that the number of vacancies exceeds four, making a quorum of the Spiritual Assembly impossible, the election shall be under the supervision of the National Spiritual Assembly. By-Laws of a Local Spiritual Assembly, Article VIII, Section 2 /// When it is necessary to fill a vacancy on the Assembly, a by- election should be called. Written notices should be sent to all eligible adult members in the community at least fifteen days before the date of the election. The voting list should include the names of all eligible adult members, including those who may have resigned from the Assembly. (Although a person may have resigned, he or she is still considered eligible to serve on the Assembly.) /// A by-election is held only if there are more than nine adults in the community. Otherwise, any vacancy is filled automatically as soon as an adult believer becomes available to serve. Any changes in membership should be recorded in the minutes. /// Results of by-elections should be reported to the National Spiritual 2.23 Jeopardized Assemblies Assembly on a "Local Spiritual Assembly Report of By-Election" form (available from the Management Information Systems office). Jeopardized Assemblies He feels that where the dissolution of an Assembly is in question each case should be treated separately in this sense, that if a member moves away permanently, leaving less than nine to function, the Spiritual Assembly should not immediately be dissolved if they, its members, see an immediate remedy in view; in other words if they are going to confirm soon, or receive within a reasonable length of time, someone to take the person's place, they need not give up Assembly status. If they do, for insurmountable reason, fall below Assembly status, then they can only be reconstituted on April 21st. Also if certain members temporarily absent themselves from meetings there is no need to dissolve the Assembly; on the contrary the reluctant ones should be educated and encouraged to reassume their spiritual obligations as believers. A Spiritual Assembly is not based on nine people being available for every single meeting but on nine resident Baha'is doing their best to discharge their duty to the Spiritual Assembly when they are not prevented by illness or absence or some legitimate reason for doing so. Letter Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated March 31, 1945, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance , par. 22 /// Once elected (or formed by joint declaration), an Assembly continues to exist until the next annual election or until the National Spiritual Assembly acts to declare the Assembly dissolved. If the number of adult Baha'is in the community falls below nine, or if conditions arise which make it impossible for the Local Assembly to function, the facts should be reported to the National Assembly. /// Suggested actions which a jeopardized Assembly might take: /// * Hold a meeting to discuss the status of the community and devise teaching activities. If the Spiritual Assembly is unable to get a quorum, the active members should constitute themselves as a teaching committee and concentrate all their efforts on teaching. /// * Pray together and be unified. /// * Concentrate all activities on teaching. /// * Hold individual firesides. Take individual initiative in teaching. /// * Invite speakers from nearby communities to assist with teaching activities. 2.24 The Formation of the Assembly /// * Request a visit through the Baha'i National Center of a traveling teacher. /// * Invite other Baha'i communities and youth in the district to assist with the teaching activities. /// * Use available media to advertise firesides or public meetings. /// * Be sure to talk with friends, neighbors, relatives and associates. /// * Visit nearby Baha'i community Feasts to request homefront pioneers. /// * Keep the National Teaching Committee, the Auxiliary Board members, and their assistants informed of the activities. JURISDICTION A Baha'i Locality /// A Baha'i locality is the area in which a Baha'i community is situated. The boundaries of the Baha'i locality correspond to the area of jurisdiction of its Spiritual Assembly. Generally, the boundaries of Baha'i localities follow those of the smallest unit of civil jurisdiction, such as the boundaries of an incorporated city, or, outside of a city, the boundaries of a township or county. Whenever the boundaries for a locality are uncertain, boundary clarification and/or guidelines for establishing boundaries can be requested from the National Spiritual Assembly. Baha'i Boundaries Determined by Civil Boundaries He wishes me to stress the fact that from now on any group that is formed must belong to one civil community, as otherwise endless confusion and misunderstanding would ensue. The limits of each civil community must be clearly recognized, and no overlapping should be allowed under any circumstances. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i News, #132, January 1940, p. 4 The Guardian fully realizes that the process of splitting up large communities into smaller ones, each existing within its own civil units, has been difficult for the Australian friends. What they do not seem to fully appreciate is that this has been done in Canada and the United States as well, and is only in order to organize the assemblies on a logical basis, and one with a firmer legal foundation. The fact that this may create more assemblies in the end, and that it sometimes breaks up existing ones, is only incidental; the important point is to consolidate the communities on a sound basis, i.e., every assembly within the limits of the Municipality its members reside in. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, Letters from the Guardian to Australia and New Zealand, p. 83 2.25 Area of Jurisdiction Regarding the formation of local Assemblies, the Guardian does not advise any departure from the principle that every civil community should have its own independent Assembly. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i News, #102, August 1936, p. 2 He realizes that the enforcement of the general rule that an Assembly must function within civic limits has caused considerable havoc in Britain, as well as other countries. However, it enables the friends, through splitting up into smaller communities, to have before their eyes the appetizing prospect of forming yet another Spiritual Assembly, all on their own, so to speak. It gives more believers the opportunity to serve on these Administrative Bodies, challenges the teaching activities of them all, and stimulates them to fresh efforts in the hope of early victory. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, Unfolding Destiny, p. 381 Annexed Areas Suburban or unincorporated areas surrounding a central city or town can only be included in the Local Assembly area of the central entity if they are annexed by the civil authorities. . . . Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated November 29, 1981, to a National Spiritual Assembly Area of Jurisdiction The National Spiritual Assembly shall have exclusive jurisdiction and authority over all the activities and affairs of the Baha'i Faith throughout its area. The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice, p. 9 Among its more specific duties a Local Spiritual Assembly shall have full jurisdiction of all Baha'i activities and affairs within the local community subject, however, to the exclusive and paramount authority of the National Spiritual Assembly as defined herein. The By-Laws of a National Spiritual Assembly, Article VII, Section III Within a municipal area, where the people resident in the area pay taxes and vote, the Assembly can be elected, and holds jurisdiction. Anyone living outside of that area is not a member of that Community, and cannot enjoy the administrative privileges of that Community. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated June 13, 1956 /// (See also Chapter 15, "Application of Baha'i Law," and/or the booklet "Establishing Boundaries" for further information on matters about which the Local Spiritual Assembly has the authority to legislate) 2.26 The Formation of the Assembly SUGGESTED READINGS Baha'i Elections, Compiled by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice Declaration of Trust and By-Laws of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States/By-Laws of a Local Spiritual Assembly , (c) 1975 Establishing Boundaries booklet, dated July, 1990, prepared by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States and available through its Office of Assembly Development 3.1 Chapter 3 ORGANIZATION OF THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY MEANING OF ORGANIZATION Regarding the relationship of the Cause to the Administration; the Baha'i Faith, as the Guardian himself has repeatedly and emphatically stated, cannot be confined to a mere system of organization, however elaborate in its features and universal in its scope it may be. Organization is only a means to the realization of its aims and ideals, and not an end in itself. To divorce the two, however, would be to mutilate the Cause itself, as they stand inseparably bound to each other, in very much the same relationship existing between the soul and body in the world of human existence. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated April 19, 1939, in Lights of Guidance, p. 2 MEETINGS AND MEMBERSHIP Meetings /// The first meeting of a newly-elected Spiritual Assembly shall be called by the member who has received the highest number of votes. This member shall preside until the permanent Chair is chosen. (Please refer to By-Laws of a Local Spiritual Assembly, Article VIII) Convening the Assembly /// If all nine members of the newly-formed Assembly are present at the annual meeting, the election of officers may take place. If not, a separate meeting should be held as soon as possible to allow all those elected to participate. How Often to Meet /// After convening, the Assembly establishes a regular schedule of meetings. The Spiritual Assembly must decide how often it should meet in order to properly handle the affairs of the Cause under its jurisdiction. Twice a week or twice a month is not the point, the point is that it should be alert and carry on the work adequately. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Directives from the Guardian, p. 7 3.2 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly Quorum Five members of the Spiritual Assembly present at a meeting shall constitute a quorum, and a majority vote of those present and constituting a quorum shall be sufficient for the conduct of business except as otherwise provided in these By-Laws and with due regard to the principle of unity and cordial fellowship involved in the institution of a Spiritual Assembly. By-Laws of a Local Spiritual Assembly, Article VIII, Sec. 1 We have your letter of July 20, 1967 asking for clarification of Article VIII, Section 1 of the By-Laws of a Local Spiritual Assembly which appears on page 19 [p. 26, 1975 ed. Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, IL] of the Declaration of Trust. A majority of the members present and constituting a quorum is sufficient to carry a motion. Thus, if only five members of the Assembly are present at a meeting, a majority vote of three is sufficient. However, Assemblies should take into account the last clause of the first sentence of Section 1 of Article VIII reading as follows: . . . and with due regard to the principle of unity and cordial fellowship involved in the institution of a Spiritual Assembly. In other words, members of a Spiritual Assembly should not take advantage of a quorum as an expedient to pass a motion which would violate the spirit of the above quoted passage. As your National Assembly has stated, it is desirable that all nine members of a Local Spiritual Assembly be present at every meeting, and we hope that you will be able to educate members of Assemblies to assume their responsibilities in this regard. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated August 6, 1967, to a National Spiritual Assembly If the Assembly Is Unable to Get a Quorum /// When circumstances arise which prevent an Assembly from achieving a quorum for a length of time, the Assembly may make arrangements to ensure that the affairs of the community continue to be conducted without interruption. This can be done by delegating authority to Assembly members and by specifying the range and limits of their responsibilities. When it resumes meeting, the Assembly would then review and ratify any actions taken by those members. Emergency Committees It is entirely appropriate to appoint an emergency committee and to authorize it to take action between National Spiritual Assembly 3.3 Temporary Administrative Committees meetings. Your Assembly can also authorize such a committee to deal with routine matters in the interim between your Assembly meetings. In both cases full reports of such committee meetings should be made to all members of the Assembly and all decisions arrived at should be confirmed, or otherwise, at the next meeting of the National Assembly. You may decide on the number of the members of the National Assembly to compose such a committee. However, valid meetings of this committee can take place only when all its appointed members are duly notified. . . . Finally, you are advised to have regular meetings of your National Assembly and not to allow the arrangement for routine and/or emergency actions to take the place of such meetings. Written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated June 15, 1977, in Lights of Guidance, p. 70 It is for your Assembly to define the limits placed upon an emergency committee appointed by you from among your own membership to take action when absolutely necessary on emergencies which arise between meetings. Decisions of the committee of course always are subject to the subsequent approval of the National Assembly as a whole and you should assure yourselves that you are adequately informed of all its actions taken in your name. Written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated July 2, 1971, in Lights of Guidance, p. 171 Temporary Administrative Committees Your Assembly is empowered to name an administrative committee for the . . . community. Such a committee should be viewed as being a temporary expedient for maintaining the life and vigor of the community until such time as the Local Assembly can be reformed; it is not a replacement for the divine institution of the Local Spiritual Assembly. With reference to your specific question, the Administrative Committee for . . . can be named from among the adult believers of the community, without regard for their election or non-election to the now-lapsed Local Assembly. The single active youth can be called upon by the Committee for whatever duties he may be able to undertake. The Committee can continue the Local Baha'i Fund and also maintain the incorporation of the Local Assembly. The National Spiritual Assembly has the authority to call for a 3.4 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly by-election for a Local Spiritual Assembly in the absence of a quorum of local believers. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated November 8, 1983, to a National Spiritual Assembly, as quoted in Lights of Guidance , p. 170, par. 561 As a temporary step in cases where Local Assemblies fail to meet or to elect officers, and are in effect inactive, or in communities with lapsed Assemblies, the National Assembly should consider appointing from among the local believers a small committee which would have administrative and teaching functions. The committee should strive to establish or maintain community life, with the objective of activating the Assembly to the point where it could assume its proper responsibilities. Consultation with the Counselor can be helpful in taking this step. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated June 9, 1988, to a National Spiritual Assembly Smoking during Assembly Meetings In answer to such letters the Guardian's secretary replied on his behalf that Baha'is had no right to prevent anyone from smoking; that Baha'is were free to smoke but it was preferable for them not to do so; and that an issue should not be made of this matter. The use of tobacco, in common with other personal practices, should be subject to considerations of courtesy. The Baha'i in his daily life, whether smoker or non-smoker, should always be conscious of the rights of those about him and avoid doing anything which would give offense. Believers have also raised the question about smoking during Baha'i meetings. It is entirely within the authority of Local and National Spiritual Assemblies to prohibit smoking in meetings held under their auspices. An Assembly may well feel that it does not wish to raise an additional barrier to seekers by prohibiting smoking at public meetings in a society where it is the accepted practice to smoke. On the other hand, it might be wise for the Assembly to caution the Baha'is to restrain their smoking at teaching meetings and firesides in case it is offensive to some seekers. In the case of Nineteen Day Feasts or meetings of Assemblies or committees, it is not right that friends who find smoking offensive should be made to endure it in Baha'i meetings which they are required or expected to attend. If certain individuals feel that they must smoke, then arrangements, such as a break in the meeting, could be made for their convenience. It would, of course, be entirely inappropriate to 3.5 Electing Officers by Majority Vote smoke during the devotional part of a Feast, or at any other devotional gathering. It is to be hoped that the widespread publicity being given to the evil effects of smoking, both on smokers and on those who have to breathe smoke-laden air, will help to convince everyone of the wisdom of 'Abdu'l-Baha in strongly discouraging Baha'is from smoking. However, Baha'is must be careful not to go beyond the Teachings in this matter and try to enforce as a law a matter in which Baha'u'llah has deemed it wise to allow freedom of decision. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 4, 1974, to a National Spiritual Assembly Election of Officers The officers of the Spiritual Assembly shall consist of a Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer and such other officers as may be found necessary for the proper conduct of its affairs. The officers shall be elected by a majority vote of the entire membership of the Assembly taken by secret ballot. By-Laws of a Local Spiritual Assembly, Article VII We are asked to say it is preferable that a person hold no more than one office, but it is within the discretion of your Assembly to permit a member to hold two offices. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated July 4, 1984, in Lights of Guidance, p. 28 Discussion of Duties We have also been asked to point out that although it is the obligation of a Baha'i to serve on an Assembly, either Local or National, when elected, on several occasions the beloved Guardian pointed out that before the election of officers, if any member had a good reason in his own opinion why he should not be elected to one of the offices of the Assembly, he was free to suggest that he should not be so elected. The House of Justice also feels that as the work of the Faith expands and the duties of officers, particularly on National Spiritual Assemblies, acquire more importance, it is permissible and at times advisable to discuss the duties incumbent upon and required of each officer before ballots are cast. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated February 9, 1987, in Lights of Guidance, pp. 27-28 Electing Officers by Majority Vote /// At least five votes are required to elect each officer, regardless of how many Assembly members are present. 3.6 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly The majority of all nine members of an Assembly, or a majority of all members of a committee, is necessary to elect officers. All members of the Assembly or committee must be given an opportunity to cast their ballots. However, in case of unavoidable absence, it does not contravene the spirit of the By-Laws if the member casts his ballot by mail or by telephone. All other details in the application of these principles are within the discretion of the Assembly. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated August 6, 1967, to a National Spiritual Assembly Reporting Inconclusive Ballots In the election of officers for an Assembly, the complete result of each vote should be known to all members of the Assembly. The names and tally should be given by the tellers, and if no member received the required majority, the members should proceed to vote again. Voting should not be confined to those receiving the highest number of votes. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated May 28, 1989, to a National Spiritual Assembly Duties of Officers /// The Assembly must ensure that all of its responsibilities are carried out satisfactorily by its officers. In a letter of July 30, 1972, the Universal House of Justice states that an Assembly should "hold regular meetings and ensure that all its members are currently informed of the activities of the Assembly, that its Secretary carries out his duties, and its Treasurer holds and disburses the funds of the Faith to its satisfaction, keeping proper accounts and issuing receipts for all contributions." Chair Concerning the duties of the Chairman of the Local Spiritual Assembly or the National Spiritual Assembly; he is supposed to share, freely and fully, in the discussions of all subjects under the consideration of these bodies, and to register his vote regarding each one of them. The duty of a Baha'i Chairman is not only to guide the course of the discussion, but also to express his own viewpoint without any reservation whatever. He is entitled to exercise both of these functions. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, October 10, 1936, in Lights of Guidance, pp. 28-29 /// In regards to the Assembly meeting, the Chair has the responsibility to: /// * Ensure that there is free and open discussion during the meetings, that it is kept to the point, and that all members are Secretary 3.7 given the opportunity to contribute to the consultation /// * Clarify decisions or motions so that they are fully understood and can be accurately recorded in the minutes /// * Call for a vote when appropriate /// * Consult with Secretary about agenda /// * Call the meeting to order /// Such systems as "Robert's Rules of Order" have no authority in Baha'i consultation. Each Assembly should agree on the details necessary for maintaining an orderly flow of consultation and should revise them as required. /// (See also Chapter 9, Section entitled "Chairing the Feast") Vice-Chair The Universal House of Justice has asked us to advise you that the appropriate procedure would be for the Vice-Chairman of the Assembly to chair the meetings in the absence of the Chairman. If the Vice-Chairman happens to be also absent, then the Assembly should decide who among the members present should chair the meeting. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated February 10, 1987, in Lights of Guidance, p. 29 ///A Vice-Chair does not automatically become Chair if the office of Chair becomes vacant. An election must be held and all members of the Assembly are eligible to be elected. Secretary /// Generally, the functions of the Secretary include the following, although the Assembly is free to assign some of the responsibilities to secretarial assistants or other members. Some larger communities have found it is helpful to divide the workload of their Secretariats. For example, they may have a General Secretary, an External Affairs Secretary, a Recording Secretary and a Personal Status Secretary: /// * Prepares agenda for the Assembly meetings, usually in consultation with the Chair /// * Records all minutes of the Assembly meetings and of the annual meeting /// * Receives mail for the Assembly and presents communications of all kinds to the Local Spiritual Assembly at the next meeting /// * Answers correspondence, under the direction of the Local Spiritual Assembly 3.8 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly /// * Maintains a filing system for all correspondence, community bulletins, and so on /// * Prepares agenda and materials to be shared with or distributed to the community at Nineteen Day Feasts /// * Makes notes of recommendations made at the Nineteen Day Feast and presents them to the Assembly at the next meeting. The community should be advised of any action taken or consideration given to such recommendations. /// * Maintains an up-to-date list of names, addresses, and telephone numbers of all members of the community /// * Advises the Baha'i National Center of all enrollments, transfers, changes of address, and changes in personal status of the believers (marriage, divorce) /// * Sends out written notices of the Annual Meeting so that they are received at least fifteen days before the annual meeting on April 20th /// * Follows up Assembly action /// * Is watchful for the periodic submission of reports from committees as well as expected responses to the Assembly's communications /// * Brings to the meeting files, correspondence, and references from the Writings which relate to the meeting's agenda Generally speaking the Secretary of an Assembly must be careful to convey exactly what the majority decision or advice of the body was. There can surely be no objection to his putting it in proper terms and clarifying the matter according to the decisions or instruction of the Assembly. But he should of course not introduce his personal views unless endorsed by the Assembly. Shoghi Effendi, Unfolding Destiny, p. 448 /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Assembly Communications"; Chapter 2, Section entitled "Preparation for the Annual Meeting"; Chapter 6, Section entitled "Register of Vital Statistics"; this Chapter, Section entitled "Delegation of Authority") Assistance for the Secretary /// The duties of the Secretary may be divided among more than one person. For example, the Assembly may elect a Recording Secretary to record the minutes and do the filing; to be responsible for recording births, deaths, and marriages; and for communicating with the National Spiritual Assembly about address changes, enrollments, and transfers of membership. 3.9 Treasurer /// Another option is to have a three-member Secretariat including the Chair, the Secretary, and the Recording Secretary, which would assume the many secretarial duties for the Assembly. Each Assembly is free to determine the details of handling this work, the number of officers, and the responsibilities of its officers. /// In some communities the work of the Secretary may warrant hiring part-time or full-time staff. In such cases, the Assembly should ensure that the persons hired are trustworthy and able to maintain the Assembly's confidentiality. The Assembly should also familiarize itself with any guidelines for state and federal hiring. /// (See also in this Chapter, Appendix C, Section entitled "When to Obtain Additional Coverage;" also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Delegation of Authority") Treasurer The National Spiritual Assembly has the responsibility to ensure that contributions received are properly receipted, and satisfactory accounts kept of all receipts and disbursements. While the Treasurer normally is the officer in charge of such a sacred obligation, this does not mean that other members are thereby relieved of all responsibility, or are deprived of their right of access to details related to the current operation of the Assembly, in all its aspects. Such right and responsibility vested in the individual members of the Assembly do not vitiate the confidentiality of Baha'i contributions, since the information made available to the Treasurer or other members of the Assembly is to be treated in strict confidence. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated January 11, 1977, in Lights of Guidance, p. 256 It is important for your Assembly, in future, to explain to persons who are entrusted with the money of the Faith that in view of the National Assembly's obligation to protect Baha'i funds, the Assembly will hold them responsible for all moneys they receive, and they should therefore render proper accounts to the National Spiritual Assembly, be faithful custodians of God's trust, and be assured that such honesty and faithfulness will be richly rewarded from on High. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated May 18, 1980, in Baha'i Funds and Contributions, p.23 /// The Treasurer can also have an assistant if the need exists. /// (See also Chapter 10, Section entitled "Responsibilities of the Treasurer") 3.10 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly Dissatisfaction with Officers As regards the question of what procedure the Baha'i Assemblies should adopt when dissatisfied with the services of any of their officers, should such dissatisfaction involve the loyalty of an Assembly officer to the Faith, he should, following a majority vote, be dismissed. But in case the dissatisfaction is due to the incompetence of a member, or simply to a neglect on his part to discharge his duties, this does not constitute sufficient justification to force his resignation or dismissal from the Assembly. He should be kept in office until new elections are held. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Principles of Baha'i Administration, p. 50 /// When an Assembly officer refuses to shoulder the responsibilities of his office and is unwilling to cooperate with his Assembly for the purpose of finding a solution to the problems, or is unable to discharge his/her duties, it will be necessary for the Assembly to make alternate arrangements to have the duties carried out. Attendance Importance of Regular Attendance It is only too obvious that unless a member can attend regularly the meetings of his local assembly, it would be impossible for him to discharge the duties incumbent upon him, and to fulfill his responsibilities, as a representative of the community. Membership in a Local Spiritual Assembly carries with it, indeed, the obligation and capacity to remain in close touch with local Baha'i activities, and ability to attend regularly the sessions of the assembly. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated February 16, 1935, to an individual believer Membership in a Baha'i Assembly or Committee is a sacred obligation which should be gladly and confidently accepted by every loyal and conscientious member of the Community, no matter how humble and inexperienced. Once elected to serve in a given Assembly a believer's duty is to do his utmost to attend all Assembly meetings, and cooperate with his fellow-members, unless, however, he is prevented from doing so by some major reason such as illness, and even then he should notify the Assembly to this effect. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Dawn of a New Day, p. 79 In the course of reading the Minutes of National Spiritual Assemblies throughout the world, the members of the Universal House of Justice have noted that in many instances Assembly meetings are attended by less than nine members. In some few cases Assemblies have difficulty in even maintaining a quorum. The House 3.11 Refusal to Serve of Justice recognizes that at times a member may have a valid reason for not attending a particular meeting. However, a serious problem arises if absence is due to neglect or lack of appreciation of the sanctity of membership in an institution which is the hub and heart of Baha'i activities in the country. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated October 26, 1980, to all National Spiritual Assemblies Refusal to Serve Concerning the question of refusal by certain believers to accept election to an administrative post: The Guardian strongly feels that criticism, opposition, or confusion do not provide sufficient grounds for either refusal or resignation. Only cases of physical or mental incapacity, which, by their very nature, are extremely rare, constitute valid reasons for such an act. The difficulties and tests involved in the acceptance of administrative posts, far from inducing the believers to dissociate themselves from the work of the Cause, should spur them on to greater exertions and to a more active participation in the privileged task of resolving the problems that confront the Baha'i community. . . . The believers, for the sake of the Cause, now in the period of its infancy, should accept their duties in a spirit of self-sacrifice, and should be animated by the desire to uphold the verdict of the electorate, and to lend their share of assistance, however difficult the circumstances, to the effective administration of the affairs of the Faith. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Baha'i News, #152, April 1942, p. 2 While it is true that refusal to serve can ultimately incur the forfeiture of administrative rights, the House of Justice feels that your Assembly should bear in mind the caution voiced on behalf of the Guardian in the letter published on pages 86 and 87 of Principles of Baha'i Administration: "Only in cases where individual believers, without any valid reason, deliberately refuse the repeated exhortations, pleas, and warnings addressed to them by their Assemblies, should action be taken in removing them from the voting list." At the present stage . . . far more beneficial results are likely to be achieved by encouragement of the believers and by their education in the principles and significance of Baha'i administration than by the threat or imposition of sanctions. Indeed the latter, if applied unwisely, could achieve the very opposite of what your Assembly is hoping to accomplish. Generally the membership of small local communities includes some believers who are new in the Faith and need to be lovingly 3.12 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly nurtured in the responsibilities of being a Baha'i, and others who are overburdened by a multitude of cares. How often one finds in small Assemblies members who, although devoted believers, have non-Baha'i spouses and families to care for and are very limited in the time they can spend in Baha'i administrative activities. Such believers should be encouraged, and loving appreciation should be shown for whatever services they can render, and nothing should be done, however unintentionally, to make them feel that they are living under a threat of administrative expulsion if they do not attend every Assembly meeting or decline a request to serve on a committee. There may, of course, be cases of believers who, without any good reason, refuse to shoulder the responsibilities of membership in the Baha'i community. It is to such extreme cases that you would be justified in applying sanctions if, after "repeated exhortations, pleas and warnings" they persist in their attitude. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated July 8, 1980, to a National Spiritual Assembly Prolonged Absence He [Shoghi Effendi] does not intervene in purely local administrative matters, and it is for the Assembly to decide, if the absence of a member is prolonged, when they should hold an election to replace that person. The principle is that the 9 members of the Spiritual Assembly should be reasonably available for meetings. If their absence from town is prolonged, someone else must fill the vacancy. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated April 5, 1945, to an individual believer It is establishing a dangerous precedent to allow Assemblies to put a time limit on non-attendance of their members at meetings of the Spiritual Assembly, beyond which that person is automatically dropped from the Assembly and a vacancy declared. . . . There should be no time limit fixed by Assemblies beyond which a person is dropped. Every case of prolonged absence from the sessions of the Assembly should be considered separately by that Assembly, and if the person is seen to not want to attend meetings, or to be held away from them indefinitely because of illness or travel, then a vacancy could legitimately be declared and a new member be elected. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Baha'i News, #208, June 1948, p. 7 3.13 Can Request Not to be Appointed Officer As regards electing a temporary member to replace one who is absent the present practice of Baha'i Administration is not in favor of this but prefers to ascertain the duration of the absence of any member who has to be away. Should this period of time be excessive it is within the discretion of the Assembly to recognize a vacancy and call for a by-election. However this should not be lightly decided and the members declared elected at the Convention should remain in office unless there are insuperable difficulties which prevent it. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 10, 1970, to a National Spiritual Assembly Resignation Personal differences and disagreements among Assembly members surely afford no sufficient ground for such resignation, and certainly cannot justify absence from Assembly meetings. Through the clash of personal opinions, as 'Abdu'l-Baha has stated, the spark of truth is often ignited, and divine guidance revealed. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 21 The remedy to Assembly inharmony cannot be in the resignation or abstinence of any of its members. It must learn, in spite of disturbing elements, to continue to function as a whole, otherwise the whole system would become discredited through the introduction of exceptions to the rule. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 21 The National Spiritual Assembly cannot refuse accepting a resignation when it is well justified, and when it is done not with the purpose of shirking responsibility. . . . Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Dawn of a New Day, p. 49 With reference to your question whether it would be permissible for a believer to resign from the Local Assembly; under special circumstances, such as illness, one may do so, but only after, and never before he has been elected to the membership of the Assembly. Shoghi Effendi, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 21 Can Request Not to Be Appointed Officer As you know the beloved Guardian highly reprobated resignation from any office to which a believer has been elected and it is certainly best, at this present state of the Cause, for the friends to accept elective service whenever they are called upon to do so. However, there is no objection for an overburdened 3.14 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly believer asking the Spiritual Assembly to which he may be elected not to appoint him as an officer or to a committee. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 9, 1970, to a National Spiritual Assembly Removal from Assembly Membership /// Situations may arise in which a Local Spiritual Assembly member is violating Baha'i law or having such serious problems that his or her membership on the Assembly is detrimental to the reputation of the Faith or disruptive to the functioning of the Assembly. If this occurs, the Local Spiritual Assembly should contact the National Spiritual Assembly, explain the circumstances involved, and include its recommendation for administrative action. It is also quite permissible for a National Spiritual Assembly to debar an individual believer from serving on a Local Spiritual Assembly without removing his or her voting rights and they may also debar a believer from attending the consultative part of a Nineteen Day Feast. You may also debar a believer from voting in elections without imposing all the other administrative sanctions in-volved in administrative expulsion. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated January 31, 1972 ///(See also Chapter 2, Section entitled "By-Elections;" Chapter 15, Section entitled "Removal of Administrative Rights;" Chapter 15, Section entitled "Behavior that Damages the Reputation of the Faith or Causes Disunity") DUTIES AND GOALS Duties of Assembly A prime element in the careful and wise direction needed is the achievement of victory in the Seven Year Plan [1979-1986], paying great attention to the development and strengthening of Local Assemblies. Great efforts must be made to encourage them to discharge their primary duties of meeting regularly, holding the Nineteen Day Feasts and observing Holy Days, organizing children's classes, encouraging the practice of family prayers, undertaking extension teaching projects, administering the Baha'i Fund and constantly encouraging and leading their communities in all Baha'i activities. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1984 Teaching Accorded Precedence When in session it behooveth them to converse, on behalf of the servants of God, on matters dealing with the affairs and interests of the public. For instance, teaching the Cause of God must be accorded precedence, inasmuch as it is a matter of 3.15 Unity paramount importance, so that thereby all men may enter the pa-vilion of unity and all the peoples of the earth be regarded even as a single body. . . . Baha'u'llah, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 11 /// (See also Chapter 7, Sections entitled "The Local Spiritual Assem-bly and Teaching" and "Teaching and the Local Community") Win the Confidence and Affection of Those They Serve Among the most outstanding and sacred duties incumbent upon those who have been called upon to initiate, direct and coor-dinate the affairs of the Cause are those that require them to win by every means in their power the confidence and affection of those whom it is their privilege to serve. Theirs is the duty to investigate and acquaint themselves with the considered views, the prevailing sentiments and the personal convictions of those whose welfare it is their solemn obligation to promote. Theirs is the duty to purge once and for all their deliberations and the general conduct of their af-fairs from that air of self-contained aloofness, from the suspicion of secrecy, the stifling atmosphere of dictatorial assertiveness, in short, from every word and deed that may savor of partiality, self- centeredness and prejudice. Theirs is the duty while retaining the sacred and exclusive right of final decision in their hands, to invite discussion, provide information, ventilate grievances, welcome advice, . . . foster the sense of interdependence and co-partner-ship, of understanding and mutual confidence between them on one hand and all local Assemblies and individual believers on the other. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, pp. 143-44 Other Vital Duties The matter of Teaching, its direction, its ways and means, its extension, its consolidation, essential as they are to the interests of the Cause, constitute by no means the only issue which should receive the full attention of these Assemblies. A careful study of Baha'u'llah's and 'Abdu'l-Baha's Tablets will reveal that other du-ties, no less vital to the interests of the Cause, devolve upon the elected representatives of the friends of every locality. Protection It is incumbent upon them to be vigilant and cautious, discreet and watchful, and protect at all times the Temple of the Cause from the dart of the mischief-maker and the onslaught of the en-emy. Unity They must endeavor to promote amity and concord amongst the friends, efface every lingering trace of distrust, coolness and 3.16 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly estrangement from every heart, and secure in its stead an active and whole-hearted cooperation for the service of the Cause. The Less Fortunate They must do their utmost to extend at all times the helping hand to the poor, the sick, the disabled, the orphan, the widow, irrespective of color, caste, and creed. Education They must promote by every means in their power the material as well as the spiritual enlightenment of youth, the means for the education of children, institute, wherever possible, Baha'i educa-tional institutions, organize and supervise their work and provide the best means for their progress and development. . . . Baha'i Magazines . . . They must encourage and stimulate by every means at their command, through subscription, reports and articles, the de-velopment of the various Baha'i magazines. . . . Regular Meetings, Anniversaries, Special Gatherings They must undertake the arrangement of the regular meetings of the friends, the feasts and the anniversaries, as well as the spe-cial gatherings designed to serve and promote the social, intellec-tual and spiritual interests of their fellow-men. Baha'i Literature They must supervise in these days when the Cause is still in its infancy all Baha'i publications and translations, and provide in general for a dignified and accurate presentation of all Baha'i literature and its distribution to the general public. These rank among the most outstanding obligations of the members of every Spiritual Assembly. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, pp. 37-39 /// (See also Chapter 5, Section entitled "Reviewing Baha'i Literature and Materials") The community, as distinguished from the individual and the insti-tutions, assumes its own character and identity as it grows in size. This is necessary development to which much attention is re-quired both with respect to places where large-scale enrollment has occurred and in anticipation of more numerous instances of entry by troops. A community is of course more than the sum of its membership; it is a comprehensive unit of civilization composed of individuals, families and institutions that are originators and encour-agers of systems, agencies and organizations working together with a common purpose for the welfare of people of both within and beyond its own borders; it is a composition of diverse, inter-acting participants that are achieving unity in an unremitting quest for spiritual and social progress. Since Baha'is everywhere are at 3.17 Capitalize on the Talents of All Members the very beginning of the process of community building, enor-mous efforts must be devoted to the tasks at hand. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, in The Four Year Plan, Messages from the Universal House of Justice, p. 11 Systematic Planning and Execution Armed with the strength of action and the cooperation of the individual believers composing it, the community as a whole should endeavor to establish greater stability in the patterns of its development, locally and nationally, through sound, systematic plan-ning and execution of its work and this in striking contrast to the short-lived enthusiasms and frenetic superficialities so characteris-tic of present-day American life. A Baha'i community which is con-sistent in its fundamental life-giving, life sustaining activities will at its heart be serene and confident; it will resonate with spiritual dynamism, will exert irresistible influence, will set a new course in social evolution, enabling it to win the respect and eventually the allegiance of admirers and critics alike. These profound possibili-ties reside in the will of the individual to take initiative, to act in accordance with the guidance offered by Baha'i institutions, and to maintain such action regardless of the myriad distractions posed by the disintegration of a society adrift in a sea of materialism. May you with renewed determination and a rededication to spiri-tual values, seize your chance, while there is yet time, to convey the Message of Baha'u'llah thoughtfully, patiently and attractively to your fellow-citizens, whether they be dwellers in the cities or rural areas, whether they be high or low, lettered or unlettered, rich or poor. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1984, to a National Spiritual Assembly The adoption of a local plan by the Local Assembly can exert a far-reaching influence on its work and on the life of the commu-nity. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 24, 1975, to a National Spiritual Assembly Capitalize on the Talents of All Members The best Assembly is the one that capitalizes the talents of all the members of the group and keeps them busy in some form of active participation in serving the Cause and spreading the Mes-sage. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Baha'i News, #68, November 1932 The first quality for leadership, both among individuals and As-semblies, is the capacity to use the energy and competence 3.18 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly that exists in the rank and file of its followers. Otherwise the more competent members of the group will go at a tangent and try to find elsewhere a field of work and where they could use their energy. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated August, 1930, to an individual believer Delegation of Authority /// As a Baha'i community grows, the number and variety of its responsibilities often demand the assistance and expertise of community members not serving on the Assembly. In such cases, the Assembly should delegate specific tasks to committees and individuals who possess the required talents and abilities. /// Delegating responsibility also increases the level of participation and helps those involved develop a sense of loyalty and commitment to the Faith and to the Baha'i community. Delegation means assigning responsibilities to committees and individuals, and authorizing them to take the actions required to carry out their responsibilities. /// To establish the authority of the committee or individual who has been assigned responsibilities, the Assembly must make certain: /// * that the committee (individual) understands the extent of its own responsibility and authority /// * everyone with whom the committee (individual) is authorized to communicate and collaborate and from whom it may request services also knows that the committee (individual) has such responsibilities and authority. /// The committee's authority may be limited in various ways (e.g., by a mandate), but it should always know what constitutes approved and disapproved lines of communication. /// There is a common misconception that Assemblies cannot delegate authority because doing so means giving it up. The delegation of authority to a committee (individual) in no way diminishes the Assembly's authority or responsibility. The committee (individual) serves at the wish of the Assembly and can be dissolved at any time if necessary. Many Assemblies find that some of their activities such as teaching, observance of Feasts and Anniversaries, solution of personal problems, and other duties are best dealt with by commit-tees appointed by the Assembly and responsible to it. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated July 30, 1972, to a National Spiritual Assembly, enclosed with a letter dated Naw-Ruz, 1979, to all National Spiritual Assemblies 3.19 Terms of Appointment /// (See also Chapter 4, Section entitled "Assign Counseling to Indi-viduals or Committees") Committees Responsible to Assembly All local committees are directly and solely responsible to the local Assembly which alone can exercise the power of super-vision over them. Shoghi Effendi, in Principles of Baha'i Administration, p. 51 Regarding local Baha'i committees; these, though different in their functions enjoy equal rights, and are subject to responsi-bilities and obligations which, although varying in degree, are equally binding on them all. These local committees, being appointed by the Local Spiri-tual Assembly itself, are responsible to that body alone, and they can be dissolved, and their membership altered by it at any time. The local committees are the hands of the Spiritual Assembly that has appointed them . . . , and as such are subject to its rulings. The Local Spiritual Assembly cannot delegate to any one of the local committees the authority to exercise any control or supervi-sion over any other committee or body which it has itself appointed. All local committees are directly and solely responsible to the Local Assembly which alone can exercise the power of supervision over them. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated February 16, 1939 Service of Children and Youth The question of young Baha'is being permitted to serve on com-mittees other than the Youth Committee has been raised in a number of letters recently, and in considering the matter he felt that Baha'i young people under twenty-one should not be denied the privilege of committee work. Though they cannot be voting mem-bers of Baha'i communities (or exercise the electoral vote at all until they reach that age), and though they cannot, likewise, be elected to Assemblies, there is no reason why they should not serve the Cause on various committees as all committees, national or local, are subordinate to Assemblies and their members not elected but appointed, and appointed by Assemblies. We have many de-voted and talented young believers who can be of great assis-tance to the Cause even though not yet legally of age. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Baha'i News, #174, April/May 1945, p.1 3.20 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly It is within a Spiritual Assembly's discretion to request Baha'i chil-dren to undertake work of which they are capable in service to the Faith, such as service on suitable committees. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated July 19, 1982, to a National Spiritual Assembly Both children of Baha'i parents, and children who, with their parents' consent, declare their faith in Baha'u'llah before they are fifteen years old, are regarded as Baha'is and it is within a Spiritual Assembly's discretion to request such children to undertake work of which they are capable in the service of the Faith, such as service on suitable committees. Letter form the Universal House of Justice, dated December, 1975, in Handbook for Local Spiritual Assemblies in Australia, 1980 version, p. 24 Terms of Appointment Although National Assemblies and Local Assemblies may provide for continuity of Committee personnel by re-appointment of members each year, Assemblies should not appoint members of Committees for a term of more than one year. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 20, 1966, to a National Spiritual Assembly As regards the appointment of committees on a yearly basis, we refer to the Guardian's instructions on page 141 of Baha'i Administration that ". . . the renewal, the membership, and func-tions . . . should be reconsidered separately each year by the incoming National Assembly. . . ." Individuals appointed to com-mittees should identify themselves with functions and objectives which normally extend beyond the term of their appointment. Just as mem-bers of the National Assembly relate themselves to goals of the Nine Year Plan, members of Local Assemblies and committees should do likewise, so that a single dynamic spirit may animate the impor-tant work for which each Assembly or committee is responsible. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated January 23, 1967, to a National Spiritual Assembly Election of Officers He feels that committees must assume more responsibility and exercise freedom of choice and judgment in electing their officers, and function as a corporate body with a corporate spirit. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated December 27, 1947, quoted in a letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated May 12, 1969, to a National Spiritual Assembly Administrative Committees for Sub-Units of a City The Local Spiritual Assembly could be authorized to appoint an administrative committee in each of a number of sub-units of the Public Information Representatives and Committees 3.21 city; and these committees could deal with the urgent needs of the friends in these areas on behalf of the Assembly. . . . In such a decentralized system, the Local Spiritual Assembly would have to provide for the overall coordination of the efforts of the friends in all sub-units of the city. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 20, 1987, to a National Spiritual Assembly Intercommunity Committees The purpose of intercommunity activities is to combine the resources of two or more communities to advance the teaching work, further consolidation, or stimulate fellowship and take advantage of pooled resources. The Local Spiritual Assembly that sponsors an intercommunity project or activity may retain complete authority for planning and responsibility by mutual agreement of the participating communities. The sponsoring Assembly may appoint a committee and invite other Local Spiritual Assemblies or groups to designate members to represent them on the committee. The committee, which is directed by and is responsible to the sponsoring Local Spiritual Assembly, then plans and executes the intercommunity activity according to the approved and delegated limits of authority. Two or more adjacent Local Spiritual Assemblies may agree to alternate or rotate responsibility for sponsorship of a continuing effort. Funds should be held and disbursed by the sponsoring body through its elected Treasurer, and an accounting must be made to the cooperating Assemblies. Baha'is planning intercommunity events (including fund-raisers) in areas where Assemblies exist must first obtain the permission of the Assembly if the activity is to take place in that community. For insurance purposes and to ensure accountability of the funds, it is preferable that events be sponsored by an Assembly. Using Non-Baha'i Experts/Agencies He sees no objection to using the advice and services of non- Baha'i experts, or agencies, as long as the purity of the Teach-ings and the dignity of the Faith are maintained. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Principles of Baha'i Administration, p. 60 Public Information Representatives and Committees /// The Baha'i Public Information Network consists of public information representatives and the members of public information committees. The Network is a means by which the Baha'i community can provide news and information about the Faith and its principles and about major developments affecting the Baha'i world. A public information representative should be appointed by the Local Spiritual Assembly every year. 3.22 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly /// (See also in this Chapter, Appendix A, "Public Information Repre-sentatives and Committees"; Chapter 12, Section entitled "Rela-tionship with the Media") ASSEMBLY COMMUNICATIONS Record-Keeping Records /// The records of an Assembly include such items as the agenda, minutes, committee reports, correspondence, membership statistics, financial records, incorporation papers, and any other type of document which enables the Assembly to maintain accurate information and a history of its own actions and its community's status and activities. If a computer was used, a hard copy and disk should be maintained. Back-up computer files should be regularly maintained. /// For long-term preservation, permanent paper, such as all-rag bond, and non-water soluble ink should be used for the minutes and all other important correspondence from the Assembly. /// All Assembly materials, such as copies of minutes, correspondence, files, and so on must be retrieved from any person leaving Assembly membership. If such materials are not returned voluntarily by the person, the Assembly should take action to recover them or see that they are destroyed. /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Archives") Access to the Records In reply to your letter of May 13th, 1976, the Universal House of Justice instructs us to say that all members of the Spiritual Assembly are equal and should have access to the files and minutes of the Assembly of which they are members. It is, however, within the discretion of any Spiritual Assembly to so organize its files and records that certain items could be listed as "confidential" and access to those so classified could only be had by a specific decision of the Assembly itself. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated June 8, 1976 The Universal House of Justice has made suggestions about the preparation of an agenda for National Secretaries which may also be applicable to Local Assemblies: Agenda The Agenda is usually prepared by the Secretary, sometimes in consultation with the Chairman or other member or members of the National Spiritual Assembly. Immediately after a Spiritual As-sembly meeting, all items not cleared should be transferred to a new draft Agenda in preparation for the next meeting. Then, as each new matter arises, it should be entered under the appropriate heading. In this way the Agenda can be built up gradually. A few 3.23 Minutes days before the Assembly meeting, the completed draft could be duplicated for the members. At the beginning of each meeting, any additional urgent items which have developed or items which indi-vidual members wish to raise can be added. The Universal House of Justice, in "A Suggested Guide for National Secretaries" enclosed with a letter dated May 4, 1972 The agenda should be reviewed and agreed upon by the entire Assembly at the beginning of each meeting, at which time additions and deletions can be made. The Assembly should agree upon which items of business have priority. Reports In keeping with the reporting procedure established by the Local Spiritual Assembly, the Secretary should watch for periodic reports from local committees as well as expected responses to Assembly communications. The reports indicate whether the committees are functioning, how well their activities are progressing, and what guidance they need from the Assembly. If reports are not forthcoming or meetings are not being held, the Secretary should report the matter to the Local Assembly for appropriate action. Minutes The nature of Assembly minutes is a matter for the body itself to decide. Naturally all important subjects brought up and notes must be recorded, but how detailed the record must be is for the members themselves to decide. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Unfolding Destiny, p. 448 /// The Universal House of Justice has offered suggestions to National Spiritual Assemblies about recording their minutes: /// A. Background information should be brief, but in sufficient detail so that anyone reading the Minutes will understand the decision which follows. /// The full discussion, extraneous details regarding motions, and the names of individuals making the motions should not be recorded. Names are included, however, when recording reports given on special assignments or situations. /// In every case the background to a decision should be recorded in the Minutes next to the decision itself. /// There may be cases where the decision is self-explanatory and no background information is required. /// B. Some Assemblies distinguish the vote by making it a separate indented paragraph and some Assemblies capitalize the 3.24 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly decision when Minutes are typed, so there is no question as to which is background information and which is the vote of the Assembly. Another way of identifying actions of the Assembly is to number each decision of the Assembly, and this is sometimes done on a continuing basis throughout the year. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated May 4, 1972 Approval of Minutes /// The minutes of each meeting must be reviewed and, if necessary, corrected at a subsequent meeting of the Assembly. The decision of the Assembly to approve the minutes and any necessary corrections must be recorded in the minutes of the meeting where the action is taken. Confidential Matters May Be Recorded Separately As a general rule, all matters acted upon by an Assembly are recorded in its minutes. The Assembly may, however, record highly confidential items separately, but it should be noted in the minutes that confidential items have been separately recorded. Thus, if for any reason the Assembly is requested to supply information concerning such items and it feels that it would be preferable for the matter not to be divulged, it can express its views before acced-ing to the request. . . . The decision about what matters should be treated confi-dentially is made by the Assembly, which also has the duty to re-spect requests from individuals who express the wish that certain matters be handled on a confidential basis. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated March 2, 1987, to a Local Spiritual Assembly /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Privileged Communica-tions") Correspondence /// Communications to and from the Assembly may be classified generally as incoming and outgoing correspondence. Copies of letters and memoranda should be filed, as should records of phone calls and personal communications. Incoming Correspondence /// The Secretary usually receives and opens all incoming correspondence, which is then shared with the Assembly at its next meeting, unless the Assembly has instructed that it be routed elsewhere (for example, to a committee). /// Spoken communications should also be reported to the Assembly. /// Once a letter or message has been reported, recorded in the minutes, and read, it should be kept in the Assembly's files for future Clarity, Tone, and Accuracy 3.25 reference. However, bulletins, fliers, and announcements can be discarded when they cease to be current. Feast Recommendations and Communications /// Recommendations and suggestions from the friends at the Feast are treated as incoming correspondence. The Secretary or Assistant Secretary should make accurate and thorough notes at Feast so that the suggestions and recommendations of the believers can be discussed by the Assembly. Feast recommendations are to be recorded in the minutes of the Assembly Meeting, as are the decisions the Assembly makes about them. Also, the Assembly must be sure to inform the community about its decisions on the recommendations--at a subsequent Feast, in its bulletin, or by some other appropriate manner. /// Among the correspondence the Assembly receives are letters and announcements to be shared with the friends at the Feast. The Assembly instructs the Secretary about what correspondence it wishes to share and whether the entire letter or just portions of the letter should be read. (All correspondence need not be read at the Feast. Instead, highlights of the letter can be read, or the correspondence can be shared through newsletters or placed on bulletin boards for review by the friends.) Outgoing Correspondence Form /// The advantage of written communication is its permanence; the advantage of spoken communication is its convenience. If an Assembly has something important to convey, writing it increases the likelihood that it will be understood. It is best to put most communications in writing (preferably typewritten). When an Assembly conveys messages orally, it is wise to follow the conversation with a letter to ensure that both parties understand what was discussed. /// When communications are conveyed through the Assembly's representative, either written or oral communication is equally official. /// Assemblies should make copies of outgoing correspondence and retain them in the Assembly's files. Letterhead /// The letterhead of the Assembly's stationery should read "Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of . . ." (omit the word "Local"). The design of the letterhead should be simple and dignified. The National Spiritual Assembly discourages the addition of photographs, artwork and quotations from the Writings. Clarity, Tone, and Accuracy /// The Assembly should strive for accuracy, clarity, and overall excellence in its communications. If the Secretary does not fully understand the Assembly's intent, a draft of the letter should be brought to the Assembly for approval. /// While communications vary in tone, they should always be patient, courteous and loving. Even when reprimanding a believer, the Assembly should do it in a manner which helps and even encourages 3.26 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly the person, while still expressing the authority of the Assembly. We are deeply concerned that some of the letters written on behalf of your National Assembly contain brusque lan-guage, are critical in tone, lack warmth, and reflect impatience with friends whose actions have brought problems to your council chamber. We fully understand how the burdensome weight of these vexa-tious problems, many of which could and should have been avoided, can tax the patience of the most serene. The temptation to react sharply and defensively is very great, yet we know that, as Trustees of the Merciful, we should not do so. Not only is it contrary to the spirit of the instructions of the Master and the Guardian, with which you are thoroughly familiar, but giving vent to such reaction tends to evoke resentment rather than bringing about the desired result. . . . . . . We mention these examples only to call to your notice a reaction which may not have been apparent to those writing letters on your behalf, in the hope that ways and means can be found to insure that the manner in which you convey your views or decisions to the friends will promote the utmost unity, concord and under-standing. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated January 25, 1972, to a National Spiritual Assembly Conveying the Message /// Once the Assembly has stated clearly the contents of the message, chosen its form, and determined its tone, it must delegate the responsibility for sending it. Usually the Secretary of the Assembly communicates messages on the Assembly's behalf and is recognized by the community as the Assembly's spokesperson. In some cases the Assembly may wish to delegate this responsibility to another Assembly member or believer who then functions as the Assembly's representative. Review /// The Local Spiritual Assembly is responsible for all communications which come from its Secretary and its committees. Therefore, it should establish a procedure for reviewing communications. It may, for example, authorize a subcommittee of the Assembly to write or review certain letters for the Assembly and all the correspondence of the committees. Although the Assembly has the right to see all communications before they are sent, this is usually impractical and unnecessary. If the Assembly finds that its messages are often misunderstood, it should examine them more carefully to determine the source of the problem. 3.27 Privileged Communications /// (See also Chapter 5, Section entitled "Reviewing Baha'i Literature and Materials") Privileged Communications /// The laws of a majority of states provide that certain confidential communications made between a member of a religious faith and the clergyman of that faith are privileged. Privileged means that the religious leader receiving the communication cannot be compelled to testify as to the content of the communication in a legal proceeding without the permission of the person who communicated the statements. In states where this privilege is recognized, the members of Local Spiritual Assemblies would be included within the definition of the term "clergyman," as that term is used in the statute. /// It is important to note that not all communications by Baha'is to their Spiritual Assemblies are considered privileged and, furthermore, not all confidential statements are accorded the status of privileged communications. The specific requirements for achieving this status will vary according to the statutes of each state, but in general, a majority of states require that the statements must comprise the following elements to qualify as privileged: /// * The statement must have been made to a "clergyman" (Local Spiritual Assembly) acting in an official capacity. /// * The statement must have been made in the course of "discipline enjoined" by the religious faith, i.e., it must be made pursuant to a requirement of the writings, customs, and practices of that religious faith. /// * The statement must have been intended to be confidential in nature and, thus, not intended to be repeated to others outside of the Local Spiritual Assembly. /// * Many courts also require that the statement be penitential in character, but since the Baha'i writings admonish against confessing one's sins to another, in states where this requirement exists, the Baha'is asserting the privilege would have to argue through their attorneys for an exemption from this requirement. /// In general, the Local Spiritual Assembly should be careful to remind the friends who come before it seeking advice and spiritual counsel that the Assembly considers all communications made before it in the course of such matters to be privileged and should ask the Baha'is to expressly agree not to compel the Assembly to testify to such statements in any legal proceeding. Following this practice will foster an atmosphere of trust and openness which is both conducive and necessary to full and frank consultation leading to a resolution of the problem. 3.28 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly /// Regarding the subject of privilege attached to documents, minutes, books, and records, again, the specific requirements of state law would have to be applied to each individual situation to determine whether such materials would fall within the requirements of the privilege. /// The most conceivable way in which a question of privileged communications will arise is when a member of an Assembly, usu- ally the Secretary, is served either by mail or in person with a subpoena. A subpoena is a court order summoning a witness to appear at a certain place and time and give testimony on any information he may have about a certain matter. The subpoena may also order the witness to bring any documents, books, and records related to the matter in question. If an Assembly member receives such a subpoena, they should immediately contact the National Spiritual Assembly for further guidance. While it will be necessary to comply with the subpoena, the Assembly will, in all likelihood, be advised to seek representation of an attorney to file a motion to quash (void) the subpoena. It is most important to contact the National Spiritual Assembly immediately upon being served because a subpoena requires an answer within a specific number of days. Failure to comply with a subpoena constitutes a violation of a court order and can carry sanctions. /// It should also be pointed out that if an Assembly member divulges confidential information to another or seeks to testify about statements received in an official capacity without the permission of the person making those statements, that Assembly member may be held legally responsible to the person who made the statements for any injury caused by such breach of confidentiality. Confidentiality and the Civil Law /// Since, at the present time, Baha'i institutions are not authorized to deal with criminal matters--as the State claims an exclusive interest and has clearly laid down procedures to be followed--such mat- ters must be referred to the civil authorities. The advice of legal experts should be sought in reconciling the observance of confi- dentiality and the Assembly's obligation to uphold government regu- lations in criminal cases. /// (See also Chapter 4, Section entitled "Confidentiality"; Chapter 15, Section entitled "Criminal Offenses, Disobedience to Civil Laws"; Chapter 17, Section entitled "In Case of Suspected Child Abuse or Domestic Violence") Archives The institution of the Haziratu'l-Quds . . . whether local or na-tional, will as its component parts, such as . . . the Archives, the Library . . . are brought together and made jointly to operate in one Retention of the Records 3.29 spot, be increasingly regarded as the focus of all Baha'i adminis-trative activity, and symbolize, in a befitting manner, the ideal of service animating the Baha'i community in its relation alike to the Faith and to mankind in general. Shoghi Effendi, in God Passes By, pp. 339-340 The importance of the institution of Baha'i Archives is not due only to the many teaching facilities it procures, but is especially to be found in the vast amount of historical data and information it offers both to the present-day administrators of the Cause, and to the Baha'i historians of the future. The institution of Baha'i Archives is indeed a most valuable storehouse of information regarding all aspects of the Faith, administrative as well as doctrinal. . . . Future generations of believers will be surely in a better position than we are to truly and adequately appreciate the many advantages and facilities which the institution of the Archives offers to individual believers and also to the community at large. Shoghi Effendi, in Baha'i News, #104, December 1936, p.1 /// The purpose of the Baha'i Archives is to ensure that all non-current records and papers of permanent administrative, historical, doctrinal, or sacred value are preserved and made available for research to historians and to the administrative institutions of the Faith. /// The purpose of the Baha'i Library is to serve the need of both the Spiritual Assembly and local Baha'i community for access to the Sacred Writings and other library material. Maintaining the Archives /// The Archives of a local Spiritual Assembly consist of the official, non-current records of the Spiritual Assembly, its officers, and committees. Incorporated Spiritual Assemblies must be especially careful to preserve both original articles of incorporation and minutes of the Annual Meeting. The Spiritual Assembly will need to adopt policies regulating access to its records in the Archives to ensure that the information is accessible while protecting confidential records. In addition, the Archives may include such things as relics, personal papers of believers, community newsletters, photographs, and audio-visual material. If personal papers contain books and periodicals these can be transferred to the Library. Every community should keep a file which records the history of the Faith in the locality and should consider taping the recollections of the older Baha'is. (More information about the local Baha'i Archives can be obtained from the National Baha'i Archives.) Retention of the Records /// Non-current Assembly records transferred to the Archives will need to be appraised by the local archivist or archives committee to determine which records should be kept permanently. Records 3.30 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly not having permanent value can be disposed of, although there may be audit or legal reasons to keep some financial or legal records for a few more years. See appendix B for a list of Assembly records and their disposition. Maintaining the Library /// The Library of a Local Spiritual Assembly serves the needs of both the Spiritual Assembly and local Baha'i community. Besides a collection of the authoritative texts of the Faith, the Library will have collections of introductory and specialized Baha'i topics, general reference works, books on other religions and subjects concerning the problems of present day society. There can be both lending and reference/rare book sections in the Library, with reference and rare books not circulating. Often personal Baha'i Libraries that accompany donations of personal papers to the Archives can be used to augment the Library. A librarian or Library committee should be appointed to be in charge of the Library. Local Publications /// While most Baha'i literature is published by the National Spiritual Assembly, Local Assemblies and individuals also can publish materials for use on the local level. Material which relates directly to the work of the Faith in a particular locality or which suits specific local needs is appropriate for local publication. Such materials can be distributed only within the area of jurisdiction of the Local Assembly. All such publications must be reviewed by the Local Spiritual Assembly. /// (See also Chapter 5, Section entitled "Review of Baha'i Literature and Materials") Bulletins and Newsletters /// Many Local Spiritual Assemblies publish bulletins or newsletters. Circulating a local Baha'i bulletin is an effective way of communicating with the friends, and of inspiring their interest in Baha'i activities. Moreover, the bulletin carries news of the development of the Cause in the community. The doors of communication between the friends, the Local Spiri-tual Assemblies and the National Spiritual Assembly should always be open. The one means which will contribute most to the promotion of this open-door policy is the regular issue of an inter-esting and heartwarming newsletter. In certain countries, we are glad to see, there are in addition to the national newsletter, news bulletins issued on regional or district levels. The importance of these secondary organs of Baha'i communication acquires added weight in areas where differences of language make the issue of 3.31 Incorporation bulletins in a local language of each area highly desirable, if not essential. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 25, 1975, to all National Spiritual Assemblies While fully conscious of the importance of such Baha'i local organs in bringing more unity and cooperation among in-dividual believers and groups, Shoghi Effendi feels that great care should be taken lest local activities of this nature tend to develop to an extent that would jeopardize the national activities of the Faith. Just as the local Baha'i Fund must under all circumstances be subor-dinated to the national fund, so also every local circular letter should be considered as subsidiary to the national report of Baha'i activi-ties in every country. Such a coordination between local and na-tional efforts is indispensable, not only because of its economic advantages, but essentially due to the fact that upon the applica-tion of the principle underlying this process must inevitably depend the effective working of the entire administrative machinery of the Faith. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated February 20, 1934, to a Local Spiritual Assembly Concerning local Baha'i newsletters the Guardian strongly feels that they should be primarily devoted to the spread of local news and activities, and should under no circumstances contain any statement implying criticism of or even interference with the policy of the National Spiritual Assembly. They may occasionally refer to items of a national scope, but this should be done only with the view of assisting and not hindering the national body of the Cause to carry out effectively its program and decisions. There is thus a definite line of demarcation between correspondence initi-ated by local and national assemblies. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated May 10, 1934, to an individual believer Promotion of Private Businesses /// In general, the National Spiritual Assembly has discouraged the friends from placing advertisements in official Baha'i publications for products and services which will bring them personal gain. LEGAL BASIS Incorporation It is surely very important to give the Local Spiritual Assemblies some legal standing, for as the Cause progresses and its adher-ents increase, they will be confronted with duties they cannot even imagine at present. Not only will they have to make contracts for acquiring halls for their meeting place, but also they will be obliged 3.32 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly to create new institutions to care for their sick, poor, and aged people. We hope that before long the Baha'is will even afford to have schools that would provide the children the intellectual and spiritual education as prescribed in the Writings of Baha'u'llah and the Master. For such duties that will naturally devolve upon the Local Spiri-tual Assemblies there will be an increasing need for a legal stand-ing. They will have to be considered as a legal person with the power of making binding contracts. Shoghi Effendi, in Principles of Baha'i Administration, p. 48 /// Note: The legal standing available to a Local Spiritual Assembly is incorporation. Steps of Incorporation /// In order to incorporate, the Local Spiritual Assembly should write to the National Spiritual Assembly for instructions. The Local Spiritual Assembly should then hire an attorney. After the legal documents (and the name and address of the attorney) have been submitted to the National Spiritual Assembly and approved, they can be filed with the appropriate state agency. A copy of the final documents--with the official indication (seal or stamp) that they were filed by the state--should be sent to the National Spiritual Assembly for its records. /// When a Local Spiritual Assembly becomes incorporated, a legal entity comes into being that has a legal existence apart from the individual members of the Assembly. This legal entity can hold property and enter into contracts. When the corporation incurs a legal debt, the corporation becomes the liable party, rather than the Assembly members. If the proper legal steps are taken, the Assembly members would be insulated from personal liability. Incorporation limits the legal liability for the obligation to the assets of the corporation. It is crucial that each Assembly incorporation is done correctly and that their status as a corporation is clearly communicated in all communications. It is important to include in all agreements that the Assembly is a corporation and the state of the Assembly's corporation. If the Assembly has adopted the word "incorporated" or "inc." in its legal name, then it is very important to use that word on its stationary letterhead and in all agreements that it enters into. Failure to do so may remove from the members of the Assembly the protection which the incorporation might have afforded. Also important in insulating the individual Assembly members from liability is the manner of signing the document. It is essential that the person signing for the Assembly indicate at the signature line that they are signing in a representative capacity, not as individuals. The following are two acceptable ways for Jane Doe to sign which will indicate her representative capacity. Maintaining Incorporation 3.33 /// 1: /// Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Anytown, a(n) (name of /// state) corporation /// (signature) /// By Jane Doe, Secretary /// /// 2: /// (signature) /// Jane Doe, Secretary /// for the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Anytown, a(n) (name /// of state) corporation /// /// It is also important to note that sometimes, people dealing with a corporation, well aware of these legal principles, will not agree to limit the legal liability to that of the corporation and will want a personal guarantee as well. It is common practice to require a second signature line for individual signers. By signing the document the individual is agreeing to be the bound by the terms of the agreement and is now personally responsible for its obligations. This is what is known as being a guarantor. Once individual members become guarantors, they can be held responsible along with the Assembly for the terms of the agreement. Given the importance of incorporation and the many complicated issues involved, it is important that Assemblies consult with an attorney to make sure that incorporation is done correctly and that the Assembly is following the proper procedures to maintain the protection of the corporation. Issues related to this are not limited to those touched upon here. Maintaining Incorporation ///The Assembly should also consult an attorney to find out if the state requires any annual reports or other regular filings to maintain it incorporated status. It is also necessary to apply for a new Federal Identification Number from the Social Security Administration using a Form SS4. In order to do so, it is important to indicate that the Assembly is part of a group exemption and to indicate in the appropriate space on the form that the Group Exempt Number is 9508. Please contact the Office of the Treasurer and Development for a sample of a properly completed Form SS4. /// Some states require incorporated Assemblies to file tax returns even though they have a tax-exempt status; failure to file can jeopardize the standing of the incorporation. 3.34 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly Status of Incorporation if Assembly Cannot Re-Form /// The incorporated status of a Local Spiritual Assembly is not necessarily lost if it is unable to re-form. The corporation created has a legal existence apart from the actual Local Spiritual Assembly that it represents. It can continue to exist even if the Assembly itself is lost, as long as the legal requirements for maintaining corporate status continue to be met, including filing the annual report with the Secretary of State in the state of incorporation. Insurance The National Spiritual Assembly's General Liability Insurance Coverage /// Since Local Spiritual Assemblies may be held responsible for accidents that occur at Assembly-sponsored activities, the National Spiritual Assembly has found it prudent to protect itself and the Local Spiritual Assemblies and their members against claims by purchasing insurance coverage. /// This insurance includes casualty coverage for property it owns; public liability coverage for claims made against it arising out of activities conducted or sponsored by the National Assembly (or its agencies) on property it either owns, rents, leases, or uses; and Workers' Compensation coverage for its employees. The National Spiritual Assembly's insurance policies are administered by the Office of the Treasurer. Who Is Covered? /// Within its liability coverage, the National Spiritual Assembly includes as "named insureds" all Local Spiritual Assemblies in the United States. /// Coverage is furnished to Local Spiritual Assemblies for two reasons: /// * Since liability insurance is generally written in conjunction with property casualty insurance, Assemblies not owning or leasing property may be unable to acquire any liability coverage. This would expose the individual Assembly members to liability. /// * Even if liability coverage were available, the cost would, in all likelihood, be prohibitively expensive for most Assemblies. /// Therefore, the National Spiritual Assembly has decided to include the Local Spiritual Assemblies within its policy. To help defray the additional cost, it asks every Local Assembly to pay a modest amount each year to the Baha'i Services Fund. The coverage is provided, however, whether or not an Assembly makes the requested payment. /// (See also in this Chapter, Appendix C, "The National Spiritual Assembly's General Liability Insurance Coverage") 3.35 Suggested Readings SUGGESTED READINGS Baha'i Administration, Shoghi Effendi The Local Spiritual Assembly, Compiled by the Universal House of Justice The National Spiritual Assembly, Compiled by the Universal House of Justice, 1975 Guidelines for Baha'i Archives, available from the National Spiritual Assembly (Archives) Principles of Baha'i Administration: A Compilation , by the Na-tional Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United King-dom, 1976 Steps to be Taken for Incorporating a Local Spiritual Assembly, available from the National Spiritual Assembly (Office of the Secretary) 3.36 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly APPENDIX A PUBLIC INFORMATION REPRESENTATIVES AND COMMITTEES BAHA'I PUBLIC INFORMATION NETWORK /// The Baha'i Public Information Network consists of the Public Information Representatives and the members of public information committees. The Network is a means by which the Baha'i community can provide news and information about the Baha'i Faith and its principles and about major developments affecting the Baha'i world. Activities of Public Information Representatives and committees involve the establishment of ongoing relationships with local communications media. Public information is distinct from the proclamation of the Faith through the media. /// (See also Chapter 7, Section entitled "Proclamation") ANNUAL APPOINTMENT /// A Public Information Representative should be appointed or re- appointed every year. Local Spiritual Assemblies and groups should notify the National Spiritual Assembly's Office of Public Information of the appointment as soon as possible to ensure that communication is maintained between the National Spiritual Assembly and the local Baha'i community. /// An isolated believer may be registered as a Public Information Representative if he or she is sponsored by a Local Spiritual Assembly. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PUBLIC INFORMATION REPRESENTATIVE /// The Public Information Representative is the spokesperson for the local Baha'i community. The representative should concentrate on building ongoing relationships with all local communications media. The goal of such effort is to define the public image of the Faith. /// The National Spiritual Assembly sends news and information about the Faith to Public Information Representatives and committees. The Public Information Representative should provide this information to his or her sponsoring Assembly as soon as possible. The Public Information Representative is also responsible for distributing appropriate material to local media and to the local Baha'i community. The representatives must be well-informed about the current developments of the Faith. /// (See also Chapter 12, Section entitled "Contacting National Media") 3.37 Communication With the Office of Public Information QUALIFICATIONS AND KNOWLEDGE /// When a Local Spiritual Assembly or group considers whom to appoint as its Public Information Representative or as a member of a Public Information committee, it should select a person whose public relations skills combine the ability to approach communications media and to provide knowledge and accurate information about the Faith to the public. COMMUNICATION WITH THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION /// If a Public Information Representative or committee needs help determining how to approach the media, needs additional information, or needs clarification of public statements about the Faith, the person or committee should contact (Office of Public Information). Whenever a reference to the Faith appears in a local newspaper, the Public Information Representative should send two originals of the page to the Office of Public Information as soon as possible. /// (See also Chapter 12, "External Affairs") 3.38 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly APPENDIX B GUIDELINES FOR THE DISPOSITION OF A SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY'S RECORDS Disposition of Non-Current Records Permanant Retention in Archives Annual reports Minutes Correspondence Feast letters Unique correspondence with the National Spiritual Assembly, the Baha'i National Center, or other Baha'i institutions Correspondence with individuals Birth, marriage, and death registers Cash journal Annual financial reports Local committee reports Local bulletins, newsletters, and calendars Publicity files and scrapbooks Personal status case files Membership lists and directories Photographs of the Spiritual Assembly, Baha'i community, and community activities Disposition of Non-Current Records Destroy Coorespondence Other routine mailings from Baha'i National Center Routine advertisements, and so on, from non-Baha'is Other financial records (Some of these records should be kept for five years. See Stewardship and Development: a Desktop Reference for Spiritual Assemblies and Treasurers for recommended retention schedule.) Enrollment, change of address forms, etc. Duplicate annual reports, minutes, bulletins, etc. Exclusions 3.39 APPENDIX C THE NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY'S GENERAL LIABILITY INSURANCE COVERAGE SCOPE OF COVERAGE Public Liability /// The insurance carrier will pay amounts on behalf of the National and Local Spiritual Assemblies which they may be required to pay as damages arising out of certain activities of the National and Local Spiritual Assemblies which cause bodily injury to another or damage to property of another. There are, of course, limits on the amount of damages payable and there are certain activities which are excluded. /// Thus, if a claim arises out of an excluded activity, the Local Spiritual Assembly could be liable for any such damages. It is essential, then, that the Local Spiritual Assembly be aware of these exclusions. Separate coverage should either be obtained by the Local Assembly for an excluded activity or the Assembly should decide not to sponsor the activity. Limits of Public Liability /// At the time of this printing, the following limits apply to the coverage: /// $2,000,000 general aggregate /// $1,000,000 products and completed operations /// $1,000,000 personal and advertising injury /// $1,000,000 each occurrence /// $50,000 fire damage to premises of others /// $5,000 medical expenses /// The following activities are excluded under the National Spiritual Assembly's policy: Exclusions /// 1. Intentional bodily injury or property damage. The policy is NOT an all-risk policy that covers any injury which occurs at an Assembly-sponsored event. In many cases the injury will not result from the Assembly's irresponsibility; responsibility may lie with the injured person. /// Since many people are covered by private health insurance or Medicare, they will probably look to their own insurance to satisfy their medical expenses. For those without insurance, the 3.40 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly policy may cover medical expenses up to $5,000 without the need to establish fault on the part of the Assembly. /// Medical expenses of the following persons are not covered: /// * Someone hired to do work by the local Assembly or a tenant of the Assembly /// * Someone to whom benefits are payable under a Workers' Compensation or disability benefits law /// * Someone injured while practicing for or participating in an athletic or sports contest or exhibition /// 2. Liability for injury or damage assumed under any contract or agreement except for certain contracts such as those for lease of premises. /// 3. Damage to premises leased under a contract that is occupied by a Local Spiritual Assembly including premises the Assembly rents, leases, or borrows, subject to policy conditions. /// 4. Damages to buildings the Assembly owns, leases, rents, or uses. Thus, if the Assembly acquires its own building, it will need to obtain its own casualty insurance. /// 5. Damage to personal property in the Assembly's care, custody, or control. Thus, if the Assembly has furniture or equipment in a rented office, it may want to buy a separate policy to cover that property, if coverage is desired. /// 6. Property damage, bodily injury, and medical expenses resulting from ownership, use, operation or maintenance of an automobile, aircraft, or watercraft, including loading, un-loading, and entrustment to others of an automobile, aircraft, or watercraft. Thus, if an Assembly acquires an automobile, it should purchase auto insurance coverage. /// 7. Personal injury resulting from written or spoken material made public by the Assembly, if that material is known by the Assembly to be false, slanderous, or defamatory. /// 8. Personal injury damages that may result from wrongful eviction, false arrest, or invasion of privacy. WHEN TO OBTAIN ADDITIONAL COVERAGE /// A Local Spiritual Assembly should obtain its own insurance coverage, in addition to the coverage provided by the National Assembly, under the following circumstances: 3.41 Accidents and Claims /// 1. When real estate including a structure is acquired, a property policy should be obtained, particularly if the property is financed with borrowed funds. Public liability coverage should be included with the property policy. /// 2. When space is rented or leased from another, a tenant's policy should be obtained to cover the Assembly's contents, and public liability coverage should be included in the policy. /// 3. When an automobile is acquired, an auto policy should be purchased. In some states, such coverage is mandatory. Special licenses may also be required for drivers of a shuttle bus or passenger van. /// 4. When an employee is hired, Workers' Compensation insurance will need to be obtained. Some states also require a statutory form of disability insurance. A caretaker of a local center may also be considered an employee, thus requiring coverage. Disability and health insurance is not a substitute for Workers' Compensation coverage. /// 5. When real estate without a structure is acquired, public liability coverage should be obtained if possible. The Assembly should also notify the Office of the Treasurer of the location and description of the property. /// 6. When hiring outside contractors to perform construction or maintenance services on Assembly property, additional coverage may be required if the contractors do not carry adequate coverage. To be sure an outside contractor has proper liability and Workers' Compensation coverage, the Assembly must insist upon receiving a "certificate of insurance" evidencing the contractor's coverage. The certificate should name the Assembly as an "additional insured." It is recommended that the Assembly consult its insurance agent for more information concerning the adequate levels of coverage required when hiring outside contractors. /// (See also in this Chapter, Appendix C, Section entitled "Certifi-cates of Insurance from Vendors, Contractors, Etc.") ACCIDENTS AND CLAIMS /// In the event of an accident for which the Assembly needs to file a claim with the National Spiritual Assembly's insurance carrier, it should do as follows: 3.42 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly /// 1. A written report should be submitted as soon as possible to the Office of the Treasurer. In the event of serious bodily harm, make a telephone call to report the injury to the Office. Be sure to include the following: /// * Name, address, and telephone number of the person injured and the custodial parent, if applicable. /// * Name of the hospital involved and the treating physician /// * Location, date, time, and description of the accident /// * Names, addresses, and telephone numbers of witnesses and of the person reporting the accident /// 2. The Office of the Treasurer will report the occurrence to the insurance company and furnish it with the pertinent information. The company will contact the injured person or parent and determine whether any benefits are payable under the policy. PROOF OF INSURANCE AND CERTIFICATES OF INSURANCE /// When an Assembly is asked to furnish proof of insurance coverage to the owner of property which it intends to rent, lease, or use for an event, it should do as follows: /// 1. Contact the Office of the Treasurer and ask for a "Certificate of Insurance." Please allow enough time for preparation and mailing of the Certificate. Under short notice conditions, you may be asked to reimburse the National Baha'i Fund for overnight mail charges. /// 2. Be sure to include the following information in the request: /// * Type of event (proclamation, conference, district conven-tion, etc.) /// * Date of event /// * Name and address of sponsoring Assembly /// * Name and address of place where event is to be held /// * Name and address of the property owner /// * Name, address, and telephone number of the person making the request for the Assembly /// * Any special requirements, such as "Additional Insured," any endorsements showing "hold harmless clause," Notice of Cancellation coverage, Waiver of Subrogation /// 3. All contracts should be reviewed carefully and copies sent to 3.43 Certificates of Insurance from Vendors, Contractors, Etc. the Office of the Treasurer prior to issuance of Certificate of Insurance. CERTIFICATES OF INSURANCE FROM VENDORS, CON-TRACTORS, ETC. /// Anyone wishing to do business with the National and Local Assemblies must present a Certificate of Insurance prior to commencement of the work. This Certificate must meet the following minimum requirements: /// * General liability limits of at least: /// $2,000,000 general aggregate /// $1,000,000 products and completed operations /// $1,000,000 personal and advertising injury /// $1,000,000 each occurrence /// * Workers' Compensation Insurance; Statutory Employer's Liability--$500,000 /// * Automobile insurance with limits of at least $1,000,000 per accident /// * Local Spiritual Assembly should be named as Additional Insured with 30 days Notice of Cancellation required. /// * Contractor's insurance must be with an insurance company rated at least "A" in "Best Reports." /// The original Certificate should be retained in the Local Spiritual Assembly's office and a copy should be sent to the Office of the Treasurer. /// The insurance provided by the National Spiritual Assembly is constantly being reviewed and is renegotiated annually. While limits of coverage, exclusions, and other features of the coverage do not change drastically from year to year, financial amounts have been provided for Local Spiritual Assemblies' general information. /// Any questions regarding insurance coverage should be directed to the Office of the Treasurer. 3.44 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly APPENDIX D UNIT CONVENTION PURPOSE OF UNIT CONVENTION /// The purpose of the Unit Convention, held during the first weekend of October, is to elect one or more delegates to the National Convention and to regionally consult on issues and concerns relevant to their communities and the advancement of the Cause of Baha'u'llah. He wishes to stress the importance of reminding the believers that they should make every possible effort to attend the meeting for the election of the State or Province [Electoral Unit] delegates, in order to stimulate a larger group consciousness which will greatly facili-tate the process of believers becoming acquainted with each other, and provide an intermediary state--which will become increas-ingly valuable and necessary--between the local organization rep-resented by the group or Assembly, and the activities of the Con-vention and the institution of the National Assembly. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated November 16, 1943, to a National Spiritual Assembly UNIT CONVENTION IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER A three-stage election has been provided by 'Abdu'l-Baha for the formation of the International House of Justice, and as it is explicitly provided in His Will and Testament that the "secondary House of Justice (i.e., National Assemblies) must elect the members of the Universal one," it is obvious that the members of the National Spiri-tual Assemblies will have to be indirectly elected by the body of the believers in their respective provinces. Shoghi Effendi, in Baha'i Administration, p. 84 It is expressly recorded in 'Abdu'l-Baha's Writings that these Na-tional Assemblies must be indirectly elected by the friends; that is, the friends in every country must elect a certain number of del-egates, who in their turn will elect from among all the friends in that country the members of the National Spiritual Assembly. Shoghi Effendi, in Baha'i Administration, p. 39-40 The Convention should be regarded as a temporary gathering, having certain specific functions to perform during a limited period of time. Its status is thus limited in time to the Convention sessions, 3.45 Role and Responsibility of the NSA and the Regional Baha'i Councils in Unit Convention the function of consultation at all other times being vested in the entire body of believers through the local spiritual assemblies. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated November 18, 1933, to a National Spiritual Assembly ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF THE NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY AND THE REGIONAL BAHA'I COUNCILS IN UNIT CONVENTION /// The Regional Baha'i Councils will appoint a host for the Unit Convention (usually a Local Spiritual Assembly, a Registered Baha'i Group or a committee) early in the year. The National Spiritual Assembly will establish Electoral Unit boundaries to ensure that all 171 delegates are elected to the National Convention. The Re gional Baha'i Councils will forward the following to the National Spiritual Assembly: /// * All Tellers' Reports from 171 delegates; /// * From the Secretary's Reports--recommendations from Unit Conventions to the National Spiritual Assembly; /// The Regional Baha'i Councils will: /// * Appoint Local Spiritual Assemblies to host each Unit Convention; /// * Notify all adult believers in good standing of the Unit Convention; /// * Provide voting lists for each Unit Convention; /// * Ensure that all Tellers' Reports are received and sent to the National Spiritual Assembly; /// * Ensure that all Secretary's Reports are received, review the information and forward recommendations made to the National Spiritual Assembly; /// * Ensure that the host Assembly is directly forwarding all Convention Financial Reports and all contributions collected to the Office of the Treasurer and Development; /// * Receive all questionnaires and apply appropriate information to handling future Unit Conventions. /// The National Spiritual Assembly will: /// * Provide financial support for host Assemblies as needed; /// * Ensure that all Financial Reports are received, reviewed, and contributions receipted by the Office of the Treasurer and Development; /// * Send a copy of all financial reports received during Convention to the Regional Baha'i Councils. 3.46 Organization of the Local Spiritual Assembly ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN UNIT CONVENTIONThe friends should be encouraged to vie with each other in participation in the affairs of the Cause, and praise should be liberally given to those regions which excel in attendance and in the number voting. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 10, 1972 to a National Spiritual Assembly On election day, the friends must wholeheartedly participate in the elections, in unity and amity, turning their hearts to God, detached from all things by Him, seeking His guidance and supplicating his aid and bounty. Letter from Shoghi Effendi, dated February 27, 1923 to the friends in Persia /// Baha'is from the ages of fifteen through twenty-one have all the rights and privileges of a community member except voting and being voted for in Baha'i elections. Baha'i youth may participate in all the consultations at the Convention; they may also serve as registrars, readers, and helpers to the three permanent tellers. Participation in the Convention in these ways will not only contribute to the success of the occasion, but will also aid in preparing the youth for future service as administrators of the Faith. YOUTH AND THE UNIT CONVENTION Baha'i youth may not vote in Baha'i elections and may not be elected to Assembly membership or as delegates or conven-tion officers. They may, however, exercise all other rights of Baha'i membership. Guidelines for Local Spiritual Assemblies, 1975 Valuable administrative experience can be gained by youth who attend such events, and they can participate in virtually every phase of the proceedings. . . . Thus they participate in all phases of the Convention except voting or being voted for in elections, voting on recommendations, or serving as temporary Convention officers. Letter from the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States, dated June 16, 1975 SUGGESTED READINGS Baha'i Administration, Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, IL Lights of Guidance, A Baha'i Reference File, compiled by Helen Hornby, Baha'i Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India Principles of Baha'i Administration: A Compilation, by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United Kingdom, 1976 4.1 Chapter 4 CONSULTATION THE NATURE OF CONSULTATION Source of Guidance and Understanding Consultation bestoweth greater awareness and transmuteth conjecture into certitude. It is a shining light which, in a dark world, leadeth the way and guideth. For everything there is and will continue to be a station of perfection and maturity. The maturity of the gift of understanding is made manifest through consultation. Baha'u'llah, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 3 Consultation giveth him insight into things and enableth him to delve into questions which are unknown. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 8 Consultation in All Things In all things it is necessary to consult. This matter should be forcibly stressed by thee, so that consultation may be observed by all. The intent of what hath been revealed from the Pen of the Most High is that consultation may be fully carried out among the friends, inasmuch as it is and will always be a cause of awareness and of awakening and a source of good and well-being. Baha'u'llah, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 3 For instance, when a man hath a project to accomplish, should he consult with some of his brethren, that which is agreeable will of course be investigated and unveiled to his eyes, and the truth will be disclosed. Likewise on a higher level, should the people of a village consult one another about their affairs, the right solution will certainly be revealed. In like manner, the members of each profession, such as in industry, should consult, and those in commerce should similarly consult on business affairs. In short, consultation is desirable and acceptable in all things and on all issues. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Consultation: A Compilation, pp. 8-9 The principle of consultation, which constitutes one of the basic laws of the Administration, should be applied to all Baha'i 4.2 Consultation activities which affect the collective interests of the Faith, for it is through cooperation and continued exchange of thoughts and views that the Cause can best safeguard and foster its interests. Individual initiative, personal ability and resourcefulness, though indispensable, are, unless supported and enriched by the collective experiences and wisdom of the group, utterly incapable of achieving such a tremendous task. Shoghi Effendi, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 15 Consultation and the Divine Institutions The duties of those whom the friends have freely and conscientiously elected as their representatives are no less vital and binding than the obligations of those who have chosen them. Their function is not to dictate, but to consult, and consult not only among themselves, but as much as possible with the friends whom they represent. . . . And, when they are called upon to arrive at a certain decision, they should, after dispassionate, anxious and cordial consultation, turn to God in prayer, and with earnestness and conviction and courage record their vote and abide by the voice of the majority, which we are told by our Master to be the voice of truth, never to be challenged, and always to be whole- heartedly enforced. To this voice the friends must heartily respond, and regard it as the only means that can ensure the protection and advancement of the Cause. Shoghi Effendi, in Consultation: A Compilation, pp. 13-14 In its own meetings it [the Assembly] must endeavor to develop skill in the difficult but highly rewarding art of Baha'i consultation, a process which will require great self-discipline on the part of all members and complete reliance on the power of Baha'u'llah. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated July 30, 1972, to a National Spiritual Assembly Conditions Necessary for Effective Consultation Prime Requisites The prime requisites for them that take counsel together are purity of motive, radiance of spirit, detachment from all else save God, attraction to His Divine Fragrances, humility and lowliness amongst His loved ones, patience and long-suffering in difficulties and servitude to His exalted Threshold. Should they be graciously aided to acquire these attributes, victory from the unseen Kingdom of Baha shall be vouchsafed to them. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Baha'i Administration, p. 21 Absolute Love and Harmony of Thought The first condition is absolute love and harmony amongst the members of the assembly. They must be wholly free from 4.3 If Necessary Conditions Are Not Present estrangement and must manifest in themselves the Unity of God, for they are the waves of one sea, the drops of one river, the stars of one heaven, the rays of one sun, the trees of one orchard, the flowers of one garden. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Baha'i Administration, p. 22 Baha'u'llah has given the promise that in every Assembly where unity and harmony prevail, there His glorious spirit will not only be present, but will animate, sustain and guide all the friends in all their deliberations. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 16 Patience and Restraint Patience and restraint, however, should at all times characterize the discussions and deliberations of the elected representatives of the local community, and no fruitless and hair-splitting discussions indulged in, under any circumstances. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Consultation: A Compilation, pp. 16-17 Prayerfully Seek Divine Assistance The second condition: They must when coming together turn their faces to the Kingdom on High and ask aid from the Realm of Glory. They must then proceed with the utmost devotion, courtesy, dignity, care and moderation to express their views. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Baha'i Administration, p. 22 Whenever ye enter the council-chamber, recite this prayer with a heart throbbing with the love of God and a tongue purified from all but His remembrance, that the All-Powerful may graciously aid you to achieve supreme victory. O God, my God! We are servants of Thine that have turned with devotion to Thy Holy Face, that have detached ourselves from all beside Thee in this glorious Day. We have gathered in this Spiritual Assembly, united in our views and thoughts, with our purposes harmonized to exalt Thy Word amidst mankind. . . . 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Baha'i Prayers, pp. 137-38 And, when they are called upon to arrive at a certain decision, they should, after dispassionate, anxious and cordial consultation, turn to God in prayer, and with earnestness and conviction and courage record their vote and abide by the voice of the majority. . . . Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 64 If Necessary Conditions Are Not Present In short, whatsoever thing is arranged in harmony and with love and purity of motive, its result is light, and should the least trace of 4.4 Consultation estrangement prevail the result shall be darkness upon darkness. . . . If this be so regarded, that assembly shall be of God, but otherwise it shall lead to coolness and alienation. . . . 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 6 Should harmony of thought and absolute unity be non-existent, that gathering shall be dispersed and that assembly be brought to naught. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Baha'i Administration, p. 22 THE PROCESS OF CONSULTATION Investigation of Truth Consultation must have for its object the investigation of truth. He who expresses an opinion should not voice it as correct and right but set it forth as a contribution to the consensus of opinion, for the light of reality becomes apparent when two opinions coincide. A spark is produced when flint and steel come together. Man should weigh his opinions with the utmost serenity, calmness and composure. Before expressing his own views he should carefully consider the views already advanced by others. If he finds that a previously expressed opinion is more true and worthy, he should accept it immediately and not willfully hold to an opinion of his own. By this excellent method he endeavors to arrive at unity and truth. 'Abdu'l-Baha, The Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 72 They must in every matter search out the truth. . . . 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 6 The Role of Spiritual Principles There are spiritual principles, or what some call human values, by which solutions can be found for every social problem. Any well-intentioned group can in a general sense devise practical solutions to its problems, but good intentions and practical knowledge are usually not enough. The essential merit of spiritual principle is that it not only presents a perspective which harmonizes with that which is immanent in human nature, it also induces an attitude, a dynamic, a will, an aspiration, which facilitate the discovery and implementation of practical measures. Leaders of government and all in authority would be well served in their efforts to solve problems if they would first seek to identify the principles involved and then be guided by them. The Universal House of Justice, in The Promise of World Peace, p. 28 Elements of Consultative Discussion The honored members of the Spiritual Assembly should exert their efforts so that no differences may occur, and if such differences 4.5 Every Member Must Be Free to Express Own Opinion Should Not Cause Conflict do occur, they should not reach the point of causing conflict, hatred and antagonism, which lead to threats. When you notice that a stage has been reached when enmity and threats are about to occur, you should immediately postpone discussion of the subject, until wranglings, disputations, and loud talk vanish, and a propitious time is at hand. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 9 In this Cause, consultation is of vital importance; but spiritual conference and not the mere voicing of personal views is intended. In France I was present at a session of the senate but the experience was not impressive. Parliamentary procedure should have for its object the attainment of the light of truth upon questions presented and not furnish a battleground for opposition and self-opinion. Antagonism and contradiction are unfortunate and always destructive to truth. In the parliamentary meeting mentioned, altercation and useless quibbling were frequent; the result mostly confusion and turmoil; even in one instance a physical encounter took place between two members. It was not consultation but comedy. . . . Therefore true consultation is spiritual conference in the attitude and atmosphere of love. Members must love each other in the spirit of fellowship in order that good results may be forthcoming. Love and fellowship are the foundation. 'Abdu'l-Baha, The Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 72 The Baha'is must learn to forget personalities and to overcome the desire--so natural in people--to take sides and fight about it. They must also learn to really make use of the great principle of consultation. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 19 Every Member Must Be Free to Express Own Opinion The honored members must with all freedom express their own thoughts, and it is in no wise permissible for one to belittle the thought of another. . . . 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Baha'i Administration, p. 22 Not infrequently, nay oftentimes, the most lowly, untutored and inexperienced among the friends will, by the sheer inspiring force of selfless and ardent devotion, contribute a distinct and memorable share to a highly involved discussion in any given Assembly. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 79 4.6 Consultation The Guardian would advise you to give up the method of asking other members to voice your opinion and suggestions. This indirect way of expressing your views to the Assembly not only creates an atmosphere of secrecy which is most alien to the spirit of the Cause, but would also lead to many misunderstandings and complications. The Assembly members must have the courage of their convictions, but must also express whole-hearted and unqualified obedience to the well-considered judgment and directions of the majority of their fellow-members. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 16 Differing Opinions Is No Cause for Discouragement Should any one oppose, he must on no account feel hurt for not until matters are fully discussed can the right way be revealed. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 5 Through the clash of personal opinions, as 'Abdu'l-Baha has stated, the spark of truth is often ignited, and Divine guidance revealed. The friends should therefore not feel discouraged at the differences of opinion that may prevail among the members of an Assembly, for these, as experience has shown, and as the Master's words attest, fulfill a valuable function in all Assembly deliberations. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 16 The second principle is that of detachment in consultation. The members of an Assembly must learn to express their views frankly, calmly, without passion or rancor. They must also learn to listen to the opinions of their fellow members without taking offense or belittling the views of another. Baha'i consultation is not an easy process. It requires love, kindliness, moral courage and humility. Thus no member should ever allow himself to be prevented from expressing frankly his view because it may offend a fellow member; and, realizing this, no member should take offense at another member's statements. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated August 26, 1965, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance, par. 590 Do Not Stubbornly Cling to Personal Opinions They must . . . not insist upon their own opinion, for stubbornness and persistence in one's views will lead ultimately to discord and wrangling and the truth will remain hidden. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Baha'i Administration, p. 22 4.7 Ideal To Arrive at Unanimous Decision If he finds that a previously expressed opinion is more true and worthy, he should accept it immediately and not willfully hold to an opinion of his own. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 10 The Promise of Divine Assistance Should they endeavor to fulfill these conditions the Grace of the Holy Spirit shall be vouchsafed unto them, and that assembly shall become the center of the Divine blessings, the host of Divine confirmation shall come to their aid, and they shall day by day receive a new effusion of Spirit. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 6 If a few souls gather together in a beloved meeting with the feelings of the Kingdom, with the divine attractions, with pure hearts and with absolute purity and holiness, to consort in spirit and fragrance, that gathering will have its effect upon all the world. The conditions, the words and the deeds of that gathering will lead the world to eternal happiness and will be an evidence of the favors of the Kingdom. The Holy Spirit will strengthen them and the hosts of the Supreme Concourse will render them victorious and the angels of Abha will come in succession. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Consultation: A Compilation, pp. 6-7 Uncompromising in Principle; Flexible in Procedure In matters of principle, therefore, there should be uniformity, while in matters of detail and procedure not only is diversity permitted, it is also encouraged. As conditions vary from country to country and, indeed, can vary from community to community within the country, Shoghi Effendi repeatedly advised the friends that they should be uncompromising in principle but flexible in subsidiary details. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated October 22, 1986, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance, par. 137 REACHING A DECISION Additional Facts May Be Necessary When it is proposed to put a matter to the vote, a member of the Assembly may feel that there are additional facts or views which must be sought before he can make up his mind and intelligently vote on the proposition. He should express this feeling to the Assembly, and it is for the Assembly to decide whether or not further consultation is needed before voting. The Universal House of Justice, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 21 Ideal to Arrive at Unanimous Decision Indeed, it has ever been the cherished desire of our Master, 'Abdu'l-Baha, that the friends in their councils, local as well as national, should by their candor, their honesty of purpose, their singleness of 4.8 Consultation mind, and the thoroughness of their discussions, achieve unanimity in all things. Shoghi Effendi, January 29, 1925, in Baha'i Administration, p. 80 Baha'is are not required to vote on an assembly against their consciences. It is better if they submit to the majority view and make it unanimous. But they are not forced to. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 19 The ideal of Baha'i consultation is to arrive at a unanimous decision. When this is not possible a vote must be taken. The Universal House of Justice, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 21 No Dissenting Votes in the Cause There are no dissenting votes in the Cause. When the majority of an assembly decides a matter the minority, we are told by the Master, should accept this. To insist on having one's dissenting vote recorded is not good, and achieves no constructive end. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, letter dated March 19, 1950, to an individual believer Abstaining Does Not Exist in Baha'i Voting Whenever it is decided to vote on a proposition all that is required is to ascertain how many of the members are in favor of it; if this is a majority of those present, the motion is carried; if it is a minority, the motion is defeated. Thus the whole question of "abstaining" does not arise in Baha'i voting. A member who does not vote in favor of a proposition is, in effect, voting against it, even if at that moment he himself feels that he has been unable to make up his mind on the matter. The Universal House of Justice, in Consultation: A Compilation, pp. 21-22 A Motion Is Not Required /// Although the making of a motion is not required in Baha'i consultation, it is frequently a useful mechanism and Baha'is are free to employ it. In any case, all members should be given the opportunity to express themselves fully before decisions are made, and no action should be taken that stifles the flow of consultation or forces premature decisions. AFTER A DECISION IS REACHED As soon as a decision is reached it becomes the decision of the whole Assembly, not merely of those members who happened to be among the majority. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 6, 1970, to a National Spiritual Assembly 4.9 If Majority View Is Wrong Majority Decision Must Be Upheld But once the opinion of the majority has been ascertained, all the members should automatically and unreservedly obey it, and faithfully carry it out. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 16 It is again not permitted that any one of the honored members object to or censure, whether in or out of the meeting, any decision arrived at previously, though that decision be not right, for such criticism would prevent any decision from being enforced. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Baha'i Administration, p. 22 Specially those dissenting members within the assembly whose opinion is contrary to that of the majority of their fellow-members should set a good example before the community by sacrificing their personal views for the sake of obeying the principle of majority vote that underlies the functioning of all Baha'i assemblies. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 16 The Baha'is are fully entitled to address criticisms to their assemblies; they can freely air their views about policies or individual members of elected bodies to the assembly, local or national, but then they must whole-heartedly accept the advice or decision of the assembly, according to the principles already laid down for such matters in Baha'i administration. . . . Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The National Spiritual Assembly, p. 35 We all have a right to our opinions, we are bound to think differently; but a Baha'i must accept the majority decision of his Assembly, realizing that acceptance and harmony--even if a mistake has been made--are the really important things, and when we serve the Cause properly, in the Baha'i way, God will right any wrongs done in the end. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 27 If Majority View Is Wrong Though one of the parties may be in the right and they disagree that will be the cause of a thousand wrongs, but if they agree and both parties are in the wrong, as it is in unity the truth will be revealed and the wrong made right. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Individual Rights and Freedoms in the World Order of Baha'u'llah, pp. 13-14 4.10 Consultation The Assembly may make a mistake, but, as the Master pointed out, if the Community does not abide by its decisions, or the individual Baha'i, the result is worse, as it undermines the very institution which must be strengthened in order to uphold the principles and laws of the Faith. He tells us God will right the wrongs done. We must have confidence in this and obey our Assemblies. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 27 If they agree upon a subject, even though it be wrong, it is better than to disagree and be in the right, for this difference will produce the demolition of the divine foundation. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 7 Reconsideration of a Decision He (a Spiritual Assembly member) can ask the Assembly to reconsider a matter, but he has no right to force them or create inharmony because they won't change. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 19 A believer can ask the Assembly why they made a certain decision and politely request them to reconsider. But then he must leave it at that, and not go on disrupting local affairs through insisting on his own views. This applies to an Assembly member as well. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, p. 27 Appeal of a Decision Whenever there is any infringement of Baha'i rights, or lapse in the proper procedure, the friends should take the matter up with the Assembly concerned, and, if not satisfied, then with the National Spiritual Assembly. This is both their privilege and their duty. Shoghi Effendi, July 10, 1942, enclosed with a letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated January 1, 1989 /// (See also Chapter 15, Section entitled "Handling Appeals") CONSULTATION WITH OTHERS Fact-Gathering /// When consulting on a matter an Assembly may find that all the facts can be supplied by a few members of the Assembly or that the facts may be common knowledge to the members. At times, it may be necessary to obtain further facts. The Assembly may appoint Assembly or community members to gather the facts on its behalf. In advance of each meeting, the Assembly should agree on the purpose of the consultation, should assemble the facts, and decide the questions and points to be discussed or clarified during the meeting. During consultation with individual believers, the Assembly should observe the following principles: 4.11 Cooperating with the Assembly /// * The impartiality of each of its members with respect to all matters under discussion /// * The freedom of the individual to express his/her views, feelings and recommendations /// * The confidential character of the consultation /// Interviews should be conducted with loving-kindness and tact, and efforts should be made to help the person being interviewed feel comfortable in the presence of the Assembly or its representatives. The Assembly members should be careful not to share their personal opinions during the interview. The Spiritual Assembly should not make any final decision until the party or parties have left the meeting. Cooperating with the Assembly When an allegation is made that a believer has violated Baha'i law, irrespective of the consequence in civil law, the process of investigation calls for a diligent and persistent effort by the Assembly to ascertain the facts, and for wholehearted cooperation of all concerned in the search for truth. Believers called upon to provide information should, if necessary, be reminded of the responsibility they bear to speak the truth and of the spiritual consequences of a failure to do so. 'Abdu'l-Baha asserts: Truthfulness is the foundation of all human virtues. Without truthfulness, progress and success, in all the worlds of God, are impossible for any soul. When this holy attribute is established in man, all the divine qualities will also be acquired. If this "holy attribute" should adorn the behavior of believers toward others, how much more should it characterize statements which a Baha'i makes to a divinely ordained institution. The prospect of a believer's displaying an attitude of hostility, when being interviewed by a Spiritual Assembly or its representatives who are seeking to determine the facts of a matter, is abhorrent. All believers are strongly enjoined to have the utmost respect for the Assemblies, to cooperate fully with them, and to support their decisions. An Assembly inquiring into a matter should not allow itself to be deterred by the hostility of a believer who is withholding relevant information; it should appeal to him for cooperation, remind him forcefully of his responsibilities and, in extreme cases such as threats made to the investigators, warn him of the 4.12 Consultation administrative consequences of the persistence of his deplorable conduct. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 24, 1991, to a National Spiritual Assembly May Assign Counseling to Individuals or Committees Although Local Spiritual Assemblies are primarily responsible for counseling believers regarding personal problems, there may be times, when in the judgment of the National or Local Assembly, it would be preferable to assign counseling or advisory duties to individuals or committees. This is within the discretion of the Assembly. The Universal House of Justice, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 21 Personal Consultation with Assembly Members Assembly Cannot Require Member to Absent Himself Concerning the question of the presence of a member of an Assembly during the discussion of his personal problems, all members of a Spiritual Assembly have the right and duty to participate in all meetings of the Assembly. The Assembly cannot require a member to absent himself from a properly called Assembly meeting. Should an Assembly, not being aware of this instruction, rule otherwise, the member must nevertheless obey the Assembly. If he conscientiously feels that an injustice has been done his remedy is to appeal the decision of the Assembly. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated April 23, 1964, to a National Spiritual Assembly Member May Wish to Absent Himself Naturally, if one wishes to absent himself while his own situation is being discussed . . . there is no objection. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated February 23, 1965, to a National Spiritual Assembly It should also be understood that a member may wish to absent himself from a meeting at which subjects in which he is personally involved are to be discussed. In such cases he may do so unless the Assembly requires him to be present. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated January 22, 1975, to a National Spiritual Assembly Non-Assembly Members in Attendance Concerning the attendance of certain individuals at the meeting of the Assemblies and at the invitation of that body. This, Shoghi Effendi considers to be as expert advice which is absolutely necessary for good administration. The members of the Assembly are not supposed to know everything on every subject, so they can 4.13 Non-Assembly Members in Attendance invite persons, versed in that question, to attend their meetings and explain his views. But naturally he will have no right to vote. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, October 23, 1926, in Consultation: A Compilation, pp. 13-14 The following advice was given by Shoghi Effendi in response to a request by a National Spiritual Assembly to have a non-member present throughout its deliberations to take notes and keep minutes of the Assembly's decisions. It does not contradict the guidance given in the letter of October 23, 1926. The Guardian regrets that, in the light of the Master's statement that the deliberations of Assemblies must be secret and confidential, it is not possible to have a non-Assembly member in the National Spiritual Assembly meeting. . . . Highly personal subjects, damaging to the honor and happiness of others, are often taken up by National Assemblies, and the danger that confidence will be betrayed is already great enough with the nine chosen representatives of the whole community, let alone introducing non-Assembly members. You will just have to make your minutes a little more compact and sacrifice, if necessary, a certain amount of efficiency in order to follow this very important principle. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Consultation: A Compilation, pp. 19-20 One of the fundamental principles of the Baha'i Administration is that, other than the members of the Assembly, no one should be present when a decision of the Assembly is being taken. It is a necessary practice that Assemblies meet with the Hands of the Cause, Counselors, Auxiliary Board members, or other individuals, and freely consult with them on different issues and even arrive sometimes at a joint conclusion; however, only members of an Assembly should be present when a final decision is taken. This principle applies, of course, to the functioning of other elected or appointed corporate bodies, such as Regional Baha'i Councils. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 2, 1997, to an individual believer It is permissible for any Spiritual Assembly to call in youth or anyone else for consultation on matters affecting the progress of the Cause. However, it is not permissible for anyone not a member of an Assembly to sit in on all sessions nor to be present at a time 4.14 Consultation when the Assembly is in the actual process of consultation on a particular problem with a view to reaching a decision. The Universal House of Justice, in Australian Local Spiritual Assembly Handbook, third edition, p. 56, par. 2.1.9 Interpreter The House of Justice has instructed us to say that in cases where a member of an Assembly is unable to communicate with other members of that Assembly where a different language is employed, there is no objection to having an interpreter present at their meetings. However, the Local Assembly itself should approve the selection of the interpreter. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated February 13, 1984, to a National Spiritual Assembly Assembly Not Only Channel to Which Baha'is May Turn When a believer has a problem concerning which he must make a decision, he has several courses open to him. If it is a matter that affects the interests of the Faith he should consult with the appropriate Assembly or committee, but individuals have many problems which are purely personal and there is no obligation upon them to take such problems to the institutions of the Faith; indeed, when the needs of the teaching work are of such urgency it is better if the friends will not burden their Assemblies with personal problems that they can solve by themselves. A Baha'i who has a problem may wish to make his own decision upon it after prayer and after weighing all the aspects of it in his own mind; he may prefer to seek the counsel of individual friends or of professional counselors such as his doctor or lawyer so that he can consider such advice when making his decision; or in a case where several people are involved, such as a family situation, he may want to gather together those who are affected so that they may arrive at a collective decision. There is also no objection whatever to a Baha'i's asking a group of people to consult together on a problem facing him. The Universal House of Justice, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 22 Consultation Differs from Confession It should be borne in mind that all consultation is aimed at arriving at a solution to a problem and is quite different from the sort of group baring of the soul that is popular in some circles these days and which borders on the kind of confession that is forbidden in the Faith. On the subject of confession the Guardian's secretary wrote on his behalf to an individual believer: "We are forbidden to confess to any person, as do the Catholics to their priests, our sins and shortcomings, or to do so in public, as some religious sects do. 4.15 Members of Assemblies Who Are Also Assistants to Auxiliary Board Members However, if we spontaneously desire to acknowledge we have been wrong in something, or that we have some fault of character, and ask another person's forgiveness or pardon, we are quite free to do so. The Guardian wants to point out, however, that we are not obliged to do so. It rests entirely with the individual." The Universal House of Justice, in Consultation: A Compilation, p. 23 Confidentiality 1. Any information which comes to the notice of an Assembly member, solely by reason of his membership on that Assembly must not be divulged by that member, even though the Assembly itself may later decide to share it. 2. The Assembly must itself carefully consider which information should rightly fall in the category of confidential information and which should not be shared with others, and which information may be divulged under special circumstances, and how such information may be divulged. Should confidential matters regarding personal problems be freely shared with others, upon application, the confidence of the believers in the Assembly and its members will obviously be destroyed. 3. It must be remembered that individuals can reform, and a reprehensible past does not necessarily disqualify a believer from a better future. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated September 18, 1968, to a National Spiritual Assembly /// (See also Chapter 3, Section entitled "Assembly Communications") Every institution in the Faith has certain matters which it considers should be kept confidential, and any member who is privy to such confidential information is obliged to preserve the confidentiality within the institution where he learned it. Such matters, however, are but a small portion of the business of any Baha'i institution. Most subjects dealt with are of common interest and can be discussed openly with anyone. Where no confidentiality is involved the institutions must strive to avoid the stifling atmosphere of secrecy; on the other hand, every believer must know that he can confide a personal problem to an institution of the Faith, with the assurance that knowledge of the matter will remain confidential. Members of Assemblies Who Are Also Assistants to Auxiliary Board Members Members of Assemblies, whether they are assistants [to Auxiliary Board members] or not, are obviously in a position to receive confidential information as individuals from several sources. It is an 4.16 Consultation important principle of the Faith that one must not promise what one is not going to fulfill. Therefore, if a Baha'i accepts confidential information either by virtue of his profession (e.g. as a doctor, a lawyer, etc.), or by permitting another person to confide in him, he is in duty bound to preserve that confidentiality. Assistants who are members of a National Assembly or a national committee do not function as assistants in relation to that body, and they have the same duty to observe the confidentiality of its consultations, and of matters considered by the Assembly to be confidential, as does any other member. . . . It should be clear to the believers that they are not justified in assuming that because a matter is known to individual members of the Assembly it is therefore before the Assembly itself. If a believer wishes to bring a matter to the Assembly's attention he should do so explicitly and officially. If a member of the Assembly knows of a personal problem, and if he has not undertaken to keep it confidential, he may bring it to the Assembly's attention if he feels it would be in the interests of the Faith for him to do so, but he is not obliged to. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated August 2, 1982, to a National Spiritual Assembly /// (See also Chapter 1, Section entitled "The Assistants to the Auxiliary Board Members" and Chapter 15, Section entitled "Confidentiality") THE INDIVIDUAL: FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND CRITICISM Let us also remember that at the very root of the Cause lies the principle of the undoubted right of the individual to self-expression, his freedom to declare his conscience and set forth his views. . . . Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 63 Right of Individual to Self-Expression The unfettered freedom of the individual should be tempered with mutual consultation and sacrifice, and the spirit of initiative and enterprise should be reinforced by a deeper realization of the supreme necessity for concerted action and a fuller devotion to the common weal. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 87 4.17 Right of Individual to Self-Expression As to freedom of expression, a fundamental principle of the Cause, the Administrative Order provides unique methods and channels for its exercise and maintenance; these have been amply described in the writings of the Faith, but they are not yet clearly understood by the friends. For Baha'u'llah has extended the scope and deepened the meaning of self-expression. In His elevation of art and of work performed in the service of humanity to acts of worship can be discerned enormous prospects for a new birth of expression in the civilization anticipated by His World Order. The significance of this principle, now so greatly amplified by the Lord of the Age, cannot be doubted; but it is in its ramifications in speech that keen understanding is urgently needed. From a Baha'i point of view, the exercise of freedom of speech must necessarily be disciplined by a profound appreciation of both the positive and negative dimensions of freedom, on the one hand, and of speech, on the other. Baha'u'llah warns us that "the tongue is a smouldering fire, and excess of speech a deadly poison." "Material fire consumeth the body," He says in elaborating the point, "whereas the fire of the tongue devoureth both heart and soul. The force of the former lasteth but for a time, whilst the effects of the latter endureth a century." In tracing the framework of free speech, He again advises "moderation." "Human utterance is an essence which aspireth to exert its influence and needeth moderation," He states, adding: "As to its influence, this is conditional upon refinement which in turn is dependent upon hearts which are detached and pure. As to its moderation, this hath to be combined with tact and wisdom as prescribed in the Holy Scriptures and Tablets." Also relevant to what is said, and how, is when it is said. For speech, as for so many other things, there is a season. Baha'u'llah reinforces this understanding by drawing attention to the maxim that, "Not everything that a man knoweth can be disclosed, nor can everything that he can disclose be regarded as timely, nor can every timely utterance be considered as suited to the capacity of those who hear it." Speech is a powerful phenomenon. Its freedom is both to be extolled and feared. It calls for an acute exercise of judgement, since both the limitation of speech and the excess of it can lead to dire consequences. Thus there exist in the system of Baha'u'llah checks and balances necessary to the beneficial uses of this freedom in the onward development of society. A careful examination 4.18 Consultation of the principles of Baha'i consultation and the formal and informal arrangements for employing them offer new insights into the dynamics of freedom of expression. The Universal House of Justice, in Individual Rights and Freedoms in the World Order of Baha'u'llah, pp. 12-13 Criticism Offering Criticism You had asked whether the believers have the right to openly express their criticism of any Assembly action or policy; it is not only the right, but the vital responsibility of every loyal and intelligent member of the Community to offer fully and frankly, but with due respect and consideration to the authority of the Assembly, any suggestion, recommendation or criticism he conscientiously feels he should in order to improve and remedy certain existing conditions or trends in his local community, and it is the duty of the Assembly also to give careful consideration to any such views submitted to them by any one of the believers. The best occasion chosen for this purpose is the Nineteen Day Feast which, besides its social and spiritual aspects, fulfills various administrative needs and requirements of the Community, chief among them being the need for open and constructive criticism and deliberation regarding the state of affairs within the local Baha'i Community. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Baha'i Meetings/The Nineteen Day Feasts, pp. 27-28 The Baha'is are fully entitled to address criticisms to their Assemblies; they can freely air their views about policies or individual members of elected bodies to the Assembly, local or national, but then they must wholeheartedly accept the advice or decision of the Assembly, according to the principles already laid down for such matters in Baha'i administration. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, May 13, 1945, enclosed with a letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated January 1, 1989, to a National Spiritual Assembly It is clear then that criticism is allowed, but it should be addressed to the institutions of the Faith and not aired in the community where it might foment division and misunderstandings. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated May 12, 1988, to individual believers /// (See also Chapter 9, Section entitled "The Administrative and Consultative Aspect") Negative Results of Excessive Criticism The Guardian believes that a great deal of the difficulties from which the believers . . . feel themselves to be suffering are 4.19 Underlying Spirit of the Cause Must Be Preserved caused by their neither correctly understanding or putting into practice the administration. They seem--many of them--to be prone to continually challenging and criticizing the decisions of their assemblies. If the Baha'is undermine the very leaders which are, however immaturely, seeking to coordinate Baha'i activities and administer Baha'i affairs, if they continually criticize their acts and challenge or belittle their decisions, they not only prevent any real rapid progress in the Faith's development from taking place, but they repel outsiders who quite rightly may ask how we ever expect to unite the whole world when we are so disunited among ourselves! Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The National Spiritual Assembly, pp. 35-36 As to negative and hostile criticism, the following extracts have a direct bearing: Vicious criticism is indeed a calamity. But its root is lack of faith in the system of Baha'u'llah, i.e., the Administrative Order--and lack of obedience to Him--for He has forbidden it! If the Baha'is would follow the Baha'i laws in voting, in electing, in serving and in abiding by Assembly decisions, all this waste of strength through criticizing others could be diverted into cooperation and achieving the Plan. . . . (Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, letter dated December 18, 1949, to an individual believer) . . . It should be stressed that all criticism and discussions of a negative character which may result in undermining the authority of the assembly as a body should be strictly avoided. For otherwise the order of the Cause itself will be endangered, and confusion and discord will reign in the community. (Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, letter dated December 13, 1939, to an individual believer) Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated May 12, 1988, to individual believers Underlying Spirit of the Cause Must Be Preserved In exercising their privilege to contribute to the consultation in . . . gatherings or publications, Baha'is are enjoined to be courteous and considerate of others, to be moderate in tone and to not insist on the correctness of their views; however, such conditions should not preclude the frank expression of differing views. Baha'u'llah has forbidden "conflict" and "contention"; open disputation in the public arena over matters in the Baha'i teachings is an inappropriate means of clarifying difficult issues. It can be extremely harmful 4.20 Consultation to the interests of the Faith if Baha'is who hold strong opinions but are not well-versed in the teachings publish documents which attack basic tenets of the Faith or undermine the authority of Baha'u'llah Himself. There is ample scope within the channels of the Administrative Order for questions to be raised and discussed in a manner which avoids dispute. Enclosed with a letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated January 1, 1989, to a National Spiritual Assembly . . . Clearly, then, there is more to be considered than the critic's right to self-expression; the unifying spirit of the Cause of God must also be preserved, the authority of its laws and ordinances safeguarded, authority being an indispensable aspect of freedom. Motive, manner, mode, become relevant; but there is also the matter of love: love for one's fellows, love for one's community, love for one's institutions. The responsibility resting on the individual to conduct himself in such a way as to ensure the stability of society takes on elemental importance in this context. For vital as it is to the progress of society, criticism is a two-edged sword: It is all too often the harbinger of conflict and contention. The balanced processes of the Administrative Order are meant to prevent this essential activity from degenerating to any form of dissent that breeds opposition and its dreadful schismatic consequences. How incalculable have been the negative results of ill-directed criticism: in the catastrophic divergences it has created in religion, in the equally contentious factions it has spawned in political systems, which have dignified conflict by institutionalizing such concepts as the "loyal opposition" which attach to one or another of the various categories of political opinion--conservative, liberal, progressive, reactionary, and so on. If Baha'i individuals deliberately ignore the principles imbedded in the Order which Baha'u'llah Himself has established to remedy divisiveness in the human family, the Cause for which so much has been sacrificed will surely be set back in its mission to rescue world society from complete disintegration. May not the existence of the Covenant be invoked again and again, so that such repetition may preserve the needed perspective? For, in this age, the Cause of Baha'u'llah has been protected against the baneful effects of the misuse of the process of criticism; this has been done by the institution of the Covenant and by the provision of a 4.21 Suggested Readings universal administrative system which incorporates within itself the mechanisms for drawing out the constructive ideas of individuals and using them for the benefit of the entire system. Admonishing the people to uphold the unifying purpose of the Cause, Baha'u'llah, in the Book of His Covenant, addresses these poignant words to them: "Let not the means of order be made the cause of confusion and the instrument of union an occasion for discord." Such assertions emphasize a crucial point; it is this: In terms of the Covenant, dissidence is a moral and intellectual contradiction of the main objective animating the Baha'i community, namely, the establishment of the unity of mankind. The Universal House of Justice, in Individual Rights and Freedoms in the World Order of Baha'u'llah, pp. 15-16 SUGGESTED READINGS Consultation: A Compilation, Extracts from the Writings and Utterances of Baha'u'llah, 'Abdu'l-Baha, Shoghi Effendi, and The Universal House of Justice, compiled by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice Individual Rights and Freedoms in the World Order of Baha'u'llah, a letter from the Universal House of Justice to the Followers of Baha'u'llah in the United States of America, December 29, 1988 The Local Spiritual Assembly: An Institution of the Baha'i Administrative Order, compiled by the Universal House of Justice Consultation , John Kolstoe Developing Genius , John Kolstoe 5.1 Chapter 5 PROTECTION OF THE FAITH THE COVENANT Power of the Covenant Know this for a certainty that today, the penetrative power in the arteries of the world of humanity is the power of the Covenant. The body of the world will not be moved through any power except through the power of the Covenant. There is no other power like unto this. This Spirit of the Covenant is the real Center of love and is reflecting its rays to all parts of the globe, which are resuscitating and regenerating man and illuminating the path to the Divine Kingdom. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in The Covenant of Baha'u'llah, p. 71 The Greater and Lesser Covenants There is, for example, the Greater Covenant which every Manifestation of God makes with His followers, promising that in the fullness of time a new Manifestation will be sent, and taking from them the undertaking to accept Him when this occurs. There is also the Lesser Covenant that a Manifestation of God makes with His followers that they will accept His appointed successor after Him. If they do so, the Faith can remain united and pure. If not, the Faith becomes divided and its force spent. . . . It is a Covenant of this kind that Baha'u'llah made with His followers regarding 'Abdu'l-Baha, and that 'Abdu'l-Baha perpetuated through the Administrative Order that Baha'u'llah had already created. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 3, 1975, to an individual believer Perpetuation of the Covenant O my loving friends! After the passing away of this wronged one, it is incumbent upon the Aghsan (Branches), the Afnan (Twigs) of the Sacred Lote-Tree, the Hands (pillars) of the Cause of God and the loved ones of the Abha Beauty to turn unto Shoghi Effendi--the youthful branch branched from the two hallowed and sacred Lote-Trees and the fruit grown from the union of the two 5.2 Protection of The Faith offshoots of the Tree of Holiness,--as he is the sign of God, the chosen branch, the guardian of the Cause of God, he unto whom all the Aghsan, the Afnan, the Hands of the Cause of God and His loved ones must turn. He is the expounder of the words of God and after him will succeed the first-born of his lineal descendants. 'Abdu'l-Baha, Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha, p. 11 Unto the Most Holy Book every one must turn and all that is not expressly recorded therein must be referred to the Universal House of Justice. That which this body, whether unanimously or by a majority doth carry, that is verily the Truth and the Purpose of God Himself. 'Abdu'l-Baha, Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha, p. 19 They (Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha) have also, in unequivocal and emphatic language, appointed those twin institutions of the House of Justice and of the Guardianship as their chosen Successors, destined to apply the principles, promulgate the laws, protect the institutions, adapt loyally and intelligently the Faith to the re quirements of progressive society, and consummate the incorruptible inheritance which the Founders of the Faith have bequeathed to the world. Shoghi Effendi, The World Order of Baha'u'llah, pp. 19-20 The Passing of Shoghi Effendi After prayerful and careful study of the Holy Texts bearing upon the question of the appointment of the successor to Shoghi Effendi as Guardian of the Cause of God, and after prolonged consultation which included consideration of the view of the Hands of the Cause of God residing in the Holy Land, the Universal House of Justice finds that there is no way to appoint or to legislate to make it possible to appoint a second Guardian to succeed Shoghi Effendi. The Universal House of Justice, Wellspring of Guidance, p. 11 The passing of Shoghi Effendi and the break of the expected continuation of the line of Guardians raised many questions among the believers. Detailed letters addressing many of these questions can be found in Wellspring of Guidance, pages 44-56 and 81-91 and Messages of the Universal House of Justice, pages 37-43. REVIEWING BAHA'I LITERATURE AND MATERIALS Purpose of Review The purpose of review is to protect the Faith against misrepresentations by its own followers at this early stage of its existence when comparatively few people have any knowledge of it. An 5.3 Role of The National Spiritual Assembly and Local Spiritual Assembly in Reviewing Publications erroneous presentation of the Teachings by a Baha'i who is accounted a scholar, in a scholarly journal, would, by that very fact, do far more harm than an erroneous presentation made by an obscure Baha'i author with no pretensions to scholarship. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 8, 1980, to an individual believer Some of the friends have suggested that the emergence of the Faith from obscurity indicates the timeliness of ceasing observance in the Baha'i community of certain restraints; particularly are they concerned about the temporary necessity of review before publishing. . . . The Faith is as yet in its infancy. Despite its emergence from obscurity, even now the vast majority of the human race remains ignorant of its existence; moreover, the vast majority of its adherents are relatively new Baha'is. The change implied by this new stage in its evolution is that whereas heretofore this tender plant was protected in its obscurity from the attention of external elements, it has now become exposed. This exposure invites close observation, and that observation will eventually lead to opposition in various quarters. So, far from adopting a carefree attitude, the community must be conscious of the necessity to present a correct view of itself and an accurate understanding of its purpose to a largely skeptical public. A greater effort, a greater care must now be exercised to ensure its protection against the malice of the ignorant and the unwisdom of its friends. . . . From this perspective we must all . . . be concerned about the effects of words, especially those put in print. It is here that Baha'i authors and publishers need to be attentive and exert rigorous discipline upon themselves, as well as abide by the requirements of review at this early stage in the development of the Faith. The Universal House of Justice, in Individual Rights and Freedoms in the World Order of Baha'u'llah, pp. 18-20 Role of the National Spiritual Assembly and Local Spiritual Assembly in Reviewing Publications The National Spiritual Assembly] . . . shall supervise the publication and distribution of Baha'i literature, the reviewing of all writings pertaining to the Baha'i Cause. . . . Declaration of Trust and By-Laws of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States, p. 13 They [Local Spiritual Assemblies] must supervise in these days when the Cause is still in its infancy all Baha'i publications and translations, and provide in general for a dignified and accurate 5.4 Protection of The Faith presentation of all Baha'i literature and its distribution to the general public. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 38 /// The National Spiritual Assembly is responsible for the reviewing of material intended for nationwide publication. The Local Spiritual Assembly reviews material intended for publication or distribution within its own community. Reviewing Committees It is recommended that Reviewing Committees be small, composed of two or three believers with adequate education and knowledge of the Cause. It is essential that works submitted be dealt with promptly. The standards to be upheld by reviewers are the following: (a) conformity with the Teachings, (b) accuracy, (c) dignity in presentation. The Spiritual Assembly, on the basis of its Reviewing Committee's report, gives or withholds approval of the work. Memorandum on Baha'i Publishing from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 1971 Criteria for Review The standards to be upheld by reviewers are the following: (a) conformity with the Teachings, (b) accuracy, (c) dignity in presentation. The Universal House of Justice, in Memorandum on Baha'i Publishing , dated Ridvan, 1971 The function of reviewing is, essentially, to check the author's exposition of the Baha'i Faith and its teachings, which may include verification of any quotations from the Baha'i writings. This function should not be confused with evaluation of the literary merit of a work or of its value as a publication, which are normally the prerogative of the publisher. . . . Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 11, 1965 In general the function of a reviewing committee is to say whether the work submitted gives an acceptable presentation of the Cause or not. Memorandum on Baha'i Publishing from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 1971 Materials to Be Reviewed At this early stage of the Cause all works by Baha'is which deal with the Faith, whether in the form of books, pamphlets, translations, poems, songs, radio and television scripts, films, recordings, 5.5 Approval of Work Approved Elsewhere etc. must be approved before submission for publication, whether to a Baha'i or non-Baha'i publisher. Memorandum on Baha'i Publishing from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 1971 Persian Language Materials /// In 1982 the Universal House of Justice appointed a panel of reviewers ". . . in order to facilitate and organize the publishing of Baha'i literature in the Persian Language." In a letter dated July 26, 1982 to a number of National Spiritual Assemblies contemplating such publications, they were directed that "Publications will be permissible only when [at least two] members of the panel have agreed what changes, if any, should be made, and have informed you that they agree to its publication." /// The members of the panel reside in various countries. Therefore, the coordination of the work has been assigned to the Persian/American Affairs Office. All manuscripts are to be forwarded to that office at the Baha'i National Center. Written Materials Spiritual Assemblies [have the] responsibility to protect the dignity of the Faith and uphold the proper standard of reverence in the use of its Sacred Scriptures. Thus, if an Assembly sees that one of the friends is making use of any of the Holy Texts in an unbefitting manner, it should remonstrate with him and, if necessary, require him to stop doing so. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated September 4, 1981, to a National Spiritual Assembly Approval of Work Approved Elsewhere While a National Spiritual Assembly intending to publish Baha'i literature is encouraged to accept the review of another National Spiritual Assembly, it is not required to do so and has the right to review any work prior to authorizing its publication or republication by its own Publishing Trust or publisher in its area of jurisdiction. This does not apply to works by Hands of the Cause, which are reviewed in the Holy Land. A National Spiritual Assembly which receives for approval a manuscript from outside its area of jurisdiction should inquire whether it has already been submitted for review elsewhere, and in the case of its having been refused approval, the reasons for such refusal. Memorandum on Baha'i Publishing from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 1971 5.6 Protection of The Faith Baha'i Authors Baha'i authors should welcome review of their works, and can greatly assist promptness in review by supplying a sufficient number of copies of the manuscript for each member of the Reviewing Committee to have one. Baha'i authors may submit their works for review to any National Spiritual Assembly, and may send their works, once approved, to any publisher they like, Baha'i or non-Baha'i, at home or abroad. It should be remembered, however, that the approval should be given by the National Spiritual Assembly of the country where the work is to be first published. And in the case of a non-Baha'i publisher the author should insist on use of the system of transliteration at present used by the Faith for languages employing the Roman alphabet. It is hoped that Baha'i authors will provide a constant stream of new works. Introductory books, commentaries, dissertations on various aspects of the Revelation, text books, histories, reviews, audio-visual materials are all needed to stimulate study of the Faith and to promote the vital teaching work. Memorandum on Baha'i Publishing from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 1971 Translations As regards English, the beloved Guardian's translations are obviously the most authentic and should be used. If, for some particular reason, a Baha'i author when quoting a passage of the Sacred Text which has been rendered into English by the Guardian, wishes to use a translation other than that made by the beloved Guardian, his request may be referred to the Universal House of Justice. Passages from the Sacred Text not translated by Shoghi Effendi, but already in English and published with approval, maybe used. If an author wishes to make his own translation of a passage not already translated by Shoghi Effendi, the new translation may be submitted to the Universal House of Justice for approval. With the exception of certain oriental languages such as Turkish, Arabic and Urdu, which are related to the original Persian or Arabic, new translations of the Sacred Text into languages other than English must be made from the Guardian's English translation where it exists. When there is no translation into English by Shoghi Effendi of a particular passage, the National Spiritual Assembly concerned should seek the advice of the Universal House of Justice. When translations already exists, which are not made from 5.7 Cables the Guardian's English text, but have been published and approved, they may be used. Memorandum on Baha'i Publishing from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 1971 Baha'i Publishers Baha'i publishers may not publish any work about the Faith until it has been approved by the National Spiritual Assembly of the country where it is to be published. Approval of a work imposes no obligation upon any Baha'i publisher to publish it. Whatever "house styles" Publishing Trusts and other Baha'i publishers may adopt, transliteration of oriental terms into languages using the Roman alphabet must at present be according to the system chosen by the Guardian and described in volumes of "The Baha'i World". Memorandum on Baha'i Publishing from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 1971 Approval Notice Although no Baha'i work may be published without approval, it is not mandatory to print an approval notice in any publication. Editing Baha'i publishers, when accepting a work for publication, will make their own arrangements with the author on all such matters as accuracy of quotations, documentation, grammar and spelling, dates and even the rewriting of passages which the publisher may consider need improving, or he may ask the author to write additional material or to delete part of the original manuscript. Although such matters are entirely between the author and publisher, any addition, deletion or changes which affect the meaning must be submitted for review with the relative context. Memorandum on Baha'i Publishing from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 1971 Cables in English should be printed exactly as received, without interpolation. Memorandum on Baha'i Publishing from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 1971 /// (See also Chapter 11, Section entitled "Baha'i Scholarship," pp. 11.12-15) 5.8 Protection of The Faith Music The standards of dignity and reverence set by the beloved Guardian should always be upheld, particularly in musical and dramatic items. . . . Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated July 2, 1967, to all National Spiritual Assemblies. It is entirely proper to set prayers to music, and the friends are free to sing prayers in unison. Indeed, assuming that the music is appropriate and that the believers do not make a ritual out of it, it is highly praiseworthy for choirs to sing appropriate verses revealed by Baha'u'llah and the Master. . . . We would assume also that the friends will always keep in mind that whether read, chanted, or sung, prayers should be uttered with a proper sense of reverence. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated February 6, 1973 We have not come across any instruction which would prohibit the setting of the obligatory prayers to music. However, because of the spiritual nature, we do not consider it appropriate to do so. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 6, 1996, to a National Spiritual Assembly We have found nothing in the text forbidding the use of the Greatest Name, the names of the Manifestations of God or the names of the Central Figures of our Faith in the lyrics of music. However, we feel that when they are used they should be used with reverence and respect, both in the manner in which they are incorporated in the lyrics and in the manner of representation. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 20, 1972 Jewelry, Needlework, Painting, Etc. /// Materials prepared for wide distribution beyond the locality of origin, including jewelry, needlework, paintings and so on, must be reviewed by the National Spiritual Assembly before they are produced or published. /// The essential principle is the preservation of a dignified and accurate presentation of the Faith. Reverence in Relation to the Review Process Portrayals of Holy Figures The Faith can certainly be dramatized, but two things must be remembered: no personal presentation of the Bab, Baha'u'llah or the Master, only their Words can be used, but no figure must represent Them; great dignity must be the keynote. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, August 19, 1951, in Baha'i News, #253, March 1952, p. 1 5.9 Record and Film of 'Abdu'l-Baha With reference to your question whether the Figures of the Bab and Baha'u'llah should be made to appear as characters in dramatic works written by the believers, Shoghi Effendi's opinion is that such an attempt to dramatize the Manifestations would be highly disrespectful, and hence should be avoided by the friends, even in the case of the Master. Besides it would be practically impossible to carry out such a plan faithfully, and in a dignified and befitting manner. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, January 27, 1935, in Baha'i News, #90, March 1935, p. 1 However, there can be no objection to symbolic representation of such Holy Figures, provided it does not become a ritual and that the symbol used is not irreverent. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 3, 1972 Pictures, Portraits of 'Abdu'l-Baha Though he sees no objection to people having portraits of the Master in their homes, if it gives them pleasure, he prefers that for distribution and for purchase, they should confine themselves to His photographs, as these are, of course, a much more perfect likeness of Him. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, letter dated July 11, 1942, to an individual believer Although the House of Justice does not wish to prohibit the use of photographs and drawings of the Master they should be used most sparingly and always in a dignified context in keeping with the station of 'Abdu'l-Baha. It is felt that drawings of the Master executed in a cartoon style and showing rays of light emanating from His head are not appropriate and should be discouraged. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated November 27, 1978, to a National Spiritual Assembly /// (See also Chapter 12, Section entitled "Uses of Pictures of 'Abdu'l-Baha") Record and Film of 'Abdu'l-Baha The Guardian, when referring to this record [of 'Abdu'l-Baha's voice], requested the friends "to exercise restraint and caution." "In my view," he added, "it should be used only on special occasions and be listened to with the utmost reverence. The dignity of the Cause, I am sure, would suffer from too wide and indiscriminate use of one of the most precious relics of our departed Master." . . . We are confident that all the friends will strictly observe the Guardian's exhortation and will not overstep the bounds of 5.10 Protection of The Faith courtesy and moderation in the use of a precious relic so lovingly left to us by the Center of the Covenant. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated February 23, 1971, to all National Spiritual Assemblies Regarding the use of the Master's film the greatest care must be exercised lest we cheapen its value by too frequent and indiscriminate exhibition either amongst the believers or the non-Baha'is. Only on special occasions, such as important anniversaries, should the film be shown and its solemn sacred character should be duly emphasized. Shoghi Effendi, letter dated February 28, 1928 /// Note: Neither the film nor the recording should be copied, either for sale or to be given away. Use of the Greatest Name The overriding consideration must always be the proper dignity with which the Greatest Name should be used. Thus it would not be befitting to use it on drinking vessels or ash trays, plates for eating, and the like. There would, however, be no objection to its use on plaques or ornaments, jewelry or similar items which are not normally put to common use. The House of Justice instructs us to say that great care should be given to the accurate representation of the Persian calligraphy, since any deviation from an accepted representation can be distressing to Iranian believers. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated March 12, 1980 Although there exists an instruction that the symbol of the Greatest Name should not be used on gravestones, no instruction has been found prohibiting the use of the symbol of the Greatest Name on any other particular item, such as jewelry, books or pamphlets. However, the Greatest Name should not be used in an undignified manner. Nothing has been found which would prohibit a believer from manufacturing and selling items using the Greatest Name provided that the manner in which the Greatest Name is used is dignified. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 25, 1975 We are requested by the Universal House of Justice to share with you the following guidelines on the use of the symbols of the Greatest Name. The Guardian, in a letter written on his behalf to an individual on 5 August 1949, stated: 5.11 Copyrights "It is better not to encourage the use of this symbol on stationery and in paintings." Likewise, the Universal House of Justice, in its letter to a National Assembly stated: "We wish to call to your attention the impressions of the Greatest Name on the back of the envelope in which your letter was enclosed. This use of the Greatest Name is not befitting and we ask you to discontinue it." (16 May 1971) In another communication regarding this subject, the following was written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice to a National Assembly: "We are instructed to say that it would not be appropriate to use the symbol of the Greatest Name on the official stationery of a Local Spiritual Assembly." (6 November 1984) While the House of Justice is reluctant to issue a list of the specific uses of the Greatest Name which should be avoided, the principal thing is for the friends to realize the great sacredness of this symbol, and to use it in ways which are dignified and appropriate. . . . Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated June 3, 1987, in Lights of Guidance, p. 267 Trademarks /// To protect the Faith against misuse of certain of its terms and symbols, and to prevent their becoming public domain (that is, open for use by anyone in any manner), the National Spiritual Assembly has taken the precaution of having terms and symbols identified with the Baha'i Faith legally registered as Baha'i trademarks. /// Any items identified with the Baha'i Faith should not be reproduced for commercial use or local publicity purposes without first securing permission from the Baha'i Publishing Trust. Before manufacturing or selling items with the Greatest Name, the items must first be submitted to the National Spiritual Assembly for review. Copyrights /// Copyright laws protect literary, musical and artistic works by ensuring that individual works are not copied without permission. Reproducing copyrighted material without first gaining permission may result in legal action against the user. /// (See also in this Chapter, Appendix, "Use of Copyrighted Material") 5.12 Protection of The Faith Sale and Distribution of Baha'i Literature 1. Baha'i publications reviewed and published in one country may be sold or offered for sale anywhere in the world. This includes the right of the publisher or the author to promote the sale of the publication in any legitimate manner including the right to advise the Baha'is in any country of its contents, price and availability. It does not include the right to insist that National Spiritual Assemblies, their Publishing Trusts or Publishing Committees stock, promote or advertise the publication or offer it for sale. If any National Spiritual Assembly feels that a book would be damaging to the Faith in its country, it may present this fact to the publisher and author and ask them not to promote it in that particular country. It is hoped that there will be great cooperation among those publishing Baha'i literature, and Publishing Trusts are encouraged to supply to believers, to book trade and libraries, all Baha'i publications from any country. 2. Believers should not be prevented from purchasing Baha'i books reviewed and published in other countries. 3. National Spiritual Assemblies are not obliged to furnish mailing lists of believers to publishers, but publishers may compile their own mailing lists and use them for the announcement and promotion of sale of their Baha'i books and literature. 4. Five copies of every new book and every new edition (not reprints) should be sent to the World Center. Memorandum on Baha'i Publishing from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 1971 COVENANT-BREAKING The Meaning of Covenant-Breaking When a person declares his acceptance of Baha'u'llah as a Manifestation of God he becomes a party to the Covenant and accepts the totality of His Revelation. If he then turns round and attacks Baha'u'llah or the Central Institution of the Faith he violates the Covenant. If this happens every effort is made to help that person to see the illogicality and error of his actions, but if he persists he must, in accordance with the instructions of Baha'u'llah Himself, be shunned as a Covenant-breaker. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 23, 1975, to an individual believer /// The actions of the Covenant-breakers, 'Abdu'l-Baha tells us, are motivated by personal desires, human pride, and an insatiable desire for leadership and power. Although "they are perfectly aware," their awareness is insufficient to restrain them from their destructive actions. 5.13 The Nature of Covenant-Breaking /// It is important to understand what Covenant-breaking is not. Those who break Baha'i law, who withdraw from the Faith or who reject Baha'u'llah's claim to be a Manifestation of God are not Covenant-breakers. /// A Baha'i who violates the Covenant is declared a Covenant- breaker only after every effort is made to help that person see the illogicality and error of his actions. The decision whether or not to expel or reinstate (if a Covenant-breaker sincerely repents) is made by the Hands of the Cause of God residing in the Holy Land, subject to the approval of the Universal House of Justice. The Nature of Covenant-Breaking Every Baha'i is at liberty, nay is urged, to freely express his opinion and his understanding of the Teachings, but all this is in a totally different category from that of a Baha'i who opposes the clear Teachings of Baha'u'llah or who asserts his own opinion as an authoritative and correct interpretation of the teachings, and attacks or opposes the very Institutions which Baha'u'llah has created to protect His Covenant. When a person declares his acceptance of Baha'u'llah as a Manifestation of God he becomes a party to the Covenant and accepts the totality of His Revelation. If he then turns round and attacks Baha'u'llah or the Central Institution of the Faith he violates the Covenant. If this happens every effort is made to help that person to see the illogicality and error of his actions, but if he persists he must, in accordance with the instructions of Baha'u'llah Himself, be shunned as a Covenant-breaker. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 23, 1975, to an individual believer Now some of the mischief-makers, with many stratagems, are seeking leadership, and in order to reach this position they instill doubts among the friends that they may cause differences, and that these differences may result in their drawing a party to themselves. But the friends of God must be awake and must know that the scattering of these doubts hath as its motive personal desires and the achievement of leadership. 'Abdu'l-Baha, Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha, p. 214 These [Covenant-breakers] do not doubt the validity of the Covenant, but selfish motives have dragged them to this condition. 5.14 Protection of The Faith It is not that they ignore what they do--they are perfectly aware and still they exhibit opposition. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Star of the West, Vol X, p. 246 Response of the Believers to Covenant-Breaking One of the greatest and most fundamental principles of the Cause of God is to shun and avoid entirely the Covenant-breakers, for they will utterly destroy the Cause of God, exterminate His Law and render of no account all efforts exerted in the past. 'Abdu'l-Baha, Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha, p. 20 The seriousness of Covenant-breaking is that it strikes at the very center and foundation of the unity of mankind. If God were to allow the instrument to be divided and impaired, how then would His purpose be achieved? . . . The believers are commanded to shun Covenant-breakers for the same reason as healthy people do not associate with a person suffering from a serious contagious illness. A contagiously sick person cannot catch health from a thousand healthy people, but, on the contrary, he can infect them with his illness. Therefore such a person is quarantined and only those few people qualified to attend him do so. . . . Then, if he proves adamant he is free to go his way, but the Baha'is must cease to have any association with him until such time as he repents when, of course, he can be accepted back into the community. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 23, 1975, to an individual believer Baha'u'llah and the Master in many places and very emphatically have told us to shun entirely all Covenant-breakers. . . . They have also told us, however, to pray for them. These souls are not lost forever. In the Aqdas, Baha'u'llah says that God will forgive Mirza Yahya if he repents. It follows, therefore, that God will forgive any soul if he repents. Most of them don't want to repent, unfortunately. . . . Also, it has nothing to do with unity in the Cause; if a man cuts a cancer out of his body to preserve his health and very life, no one would suggest that for the sake of "unity" it should be reintroduced into the otherwise healthy organism! Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Principles of Baha'i Administration, p. 22 Meetings at Which Covenant-Breakers Are Present With regard to avoiding association with declared Covenant-breakers, Shoghi Effendi says that this does not mean that 5.15 Books Written By Covenant-breakers and Enemies of the Cause if one or more of these attends a non-Baha'i meeting any Baha'is present should feel compelled to leave the meeting or to refuse to take part in the meeting, especially if that part has been prearranged. Also if in the course of some business transaction it should become necessary to negotiate with one of these people, in order to clear up the business, that is permissible, provided the association is confined to the matter of the business in hand. It is different if one of these people should come to a Baha'i meeting. Then it would become necessary to ask him in a most tactful and dignified way to leave the meeting as Baha'is are forbidden to associate with him. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated May 16, 1925 Books Written by Covenant-Breakers and Enemies of the Cause It is better not to read books by Covenant-breakers because they are haters of the Light, sufferers from a spiritual leprosy, so to speak. But books by well meaning and unenlightened enemies of the Cause can be read so as to refute their charges. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated March 19, 1945 To read the writings of Covenant-breakers is not forbidden to the believers and does not constitute in itself an act of Covenant-breaking. Indeed, some of the Baha'is have the unpleasant duty to read such literature as part of their responsibilities for protecting the Cause of Baha'u'llah. However, the friends are warned in the strongest terms against reading such literature because Covenant-breaking is a spiritual poison and the calumnies and distortions of the truth which the Covenant-breakers give out are such that they can undermine the faith of the believer and plant the seeds of doubt unless he is fore-armed with an unshakable belief in Baha'u'llah and His Covenant and a knowledge of the true facts. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 29, 1974 In reply to your letter of September 20, 1975, the Universal House of Justice instructs us to say that the friends should be advised to ignore these books and any similar ones which might be written by enemies of the Faith. There should certainly be no attempt made to destroy or remove such books from libraries. On the other hand, there is no need at all for the friends to acquire them and, indeed the best plan is to ignore them entirely. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated October 2, 1975, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance , par. 627 5.16 Protection of The Faith Mail from Covenant-Breakers From time to time, Covenant-breakers send material to believers whose names and addresses they have obtained. If the friends receive mail from Covenant-breakers, they are advised to send or hand it, preferably unopened, to their Local Spiritual Assemblies. Alternatively, if recognized and unopened, it may be clearly marked "Return to Sender" and posted. Covenant-Breakers on the Internet The Universal House of Justice feels that, when Baha'is are teaching in an online "chat room" and Covenant-breakers intrude upon the discussion, the friends should not feel obliged to sign off simply because Covenant-breakers are present in this virtual space. They should, however, refrain from knowingly engaging the Covenant-breakers in discussions and, in any case, should avoid being drawn into contentious or disputatious situations. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated October 27, 1997, to an individual believer Reporting Covenant-Breaking Activities /// If a Local Spiritual Assembly learns of any Covenant-breaking activity in its community, it should immediately inform its Auxiliary Board member for Protection and/or the National Spiritual Assembly. The Auxiliary Boards for Protection The need to protect the Faith from the attacks of its enemies is not generally appreciated by the friends because such attacks, particularly in the West, have so far been intermittent. However, we know that these attacks will increase and will become concerted and universal. The writings of our Faith clearly foreshadow not only an intensification of the machinations of internal enemies, but a rise in the hostility and opposition of its external enemies, whether religious or secular, as our beloved Faith pursues its onward march towards ultimate victory. Therefore, in the light of the warning of Shoghi Effendi, the Auxiliary Boards for Protection should keep "constantly" a "watchful eye" on those "who are known to be enemies or to have been put out of the Faith," discreetly "investigate" their activities, warn intelligently the friends of the opposition inevitably to come, explain how each crisis in God's Faith has always proved to be a blessing in disguise, prepare them for the "dire contests" which are "destined to range the Army of Light against the forces of darkness," and, when the influence of the enemies spreads and reaches their fold, the members of these Auxiliary Boards should be alert to their schemes to "dampen the zeal and sap the loyalty" of the believers and, by adopting "wise and effective measures," counteract these schemes and arrest the spread of 5.17 Opposition--Natural and Inevitable Stage in the Unfoldment of the Faith their influence. Above all, the members of the Protection Boards should concentrate on deepening the friends' knowledge of the Covenant and increasing their love and loyalty to it, on clearly and frankly answering, in conformity with the teachings, whatever questions may trouble any of the believers, on fostering the spiritual profundity and strength of their Faith and certitude, and on promoting whatever will increase the spirit of loving unity in Baha'i communities. The Universal House of Justice, in a letter from the International Teaching Center dated October 14, 1976, to the Members of all Continental Boards of Counselors You are free at any time to refer to the Continental Boards of Counselors and the Auxiliary Board members for protection any matters about which you are not clear involving the security of the Faith in your area and you will always find them willing to assist you in dealing with such problems. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated October 1, 1979, to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Venezuela, in Lights of Guidance, par. 1132 /// (See also Chapter 1, Section titled "The Auxiliary Board Members") OPPOSITION Opposition--Natural and Inevitable Stage in the Unfoldment of the Faith We cannot believe that as the Movement grows in strength, in authority and in influence, the perplexities and the sufferings it has had to contend with in the past will correspondingly decrease and vanish. Nay, as it grows from strength to strength, the fanatical defendants of the strongholds of orthodoxy, whatever be their denomination, realizing the penetrating influence of this growing Faith, will arise and strain every nerve to extinguish its light and discredit its name. . . . Dearly beloved friends, upon us devolves the supreme obligation to stand by His side, to fight His battles and to win His victory. May we prove ourselves worthy of this trust. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 123 I am however assured and sustained by the conviction, never dimmed in my mind, that whatsoever comes to pass in the Cause of God, however disquieting in its immediate effects, is fraught with infinite Wisdom and tends ultimately to promote its interests in the world. Indeed, our experiences of the distant past, as well as of recent events, are too numerous and varied to permit of any misgiving 5.18 Protection of The Faith or doubt as to the truth of this basic principle--a principle which throughout the vicissitudes of our sacred mission in this world we must never disregard or forget. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 27 But after I leave, some people may arise in opposition, heaping persecutions upon you in their bitterness, and in the newspapers there may be articles published against the Cause. Rest ye in the assurance of firmness. Be well poised and serene, remembering that this is only as the harmless twittering of sparrows and that it will soon pass away. . . . Therefore, my purpose is to warn and strengthen you against accusations, criticisms, revilings and derision in newspaper articles or other publications. Be not disturbed by them. They are the very confirmation of the Cause, the very source of upbuilding to the Movement. May God confirm the day when a score of ministers of the churches may arise and with bared heads cry at the top of their voices that the Baha'is are misguided. I would like to see that day, for that is the time when the Cause of God will spread. Baha'u'llah has pronounced such as these the couriers of the Cause. They will proclaim from pulpits that the Baha'is are fools, that they are a wicked and unrighteous people, but be ye steadfast and unwavering in the Cause of God. They will spread the message of Baha'u'llah. 'Abdu'l-Baha, The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pp. 428-30 Opposition and the Plan of God The people of the world have grievously erred, for they fondly imagine that they can exterminate the Cause of God, that they would be able to extinguish His effulgent light, and to put out His heavenly lamps. Vain indeed are their imaginings. I swear by the righteousness of God that the more they endeavor to quench His Light, the brighter will it shine, and the more they strive to smother its flame, the fiercer will it burn. God's invincible Will far transcendeth their devices, and His Purpose is supreme above all human desires, inasmuch as all that is in the heavens and all that is on the earth have been called into being through a single holy breeze-- the Word of His command--wafted from His presence, and all shall be brought to naught through but one letter of His. From time immemorial He hath been established upon the seat of His sovereignty and through eternity will He continue to occupy the inaccessible heights of His glory. Every created thing is impotent before the evidences of His invincible might, and all beings fade into utter 5.19 The Forms Opposition Will Take nothingness when confronted with the revelation of His awesome majesty. Baha'u'llah, in The Baha'i World, Vol. XVIII, p. 13 Sources of Opposition For let every earnest upholder of the Cause of Baha'u'llah realize that the storms which this struggling Faith of God must needs encounter, as the process of the disintegration of society advances, shall be fiercer than any which it has already experienced. Let him be aware that so soon as the full measure of the stupendous claim of the Faith of Baha'u'llah comes to be recognized by those time-honored and powerful strongholds of orthodoxy, whose deliberate aim is to maintain their stranglehold over the thoughts and consciences of men, this infant Faith will have to contend with enemies more powerful and more insidious than the cruelest torture-mongers and the most fanatical clerics who have afflicted it in the past. What foes may not in the course of the convulsions that shall seize a dying civilization be brought into existence, who will reinforce the indignities which have already been heaped upon it! Shoghi Effendi, The World Order of Baha'u'llah, p. 17 From the record of its tumultuous history . . . there emerges . . . the supreme truth that with every fresh outbreak of hostility to the Faith, whether from within or from without, a corresponding measure of outpouring grace, sustaining its defenders and confounding its adversaries, has been providentially released, communicating a fresh impulse to the onward march of the Faith, while this impetus, in its turn, would, through its manifestations, provoke fresh hostility in quarters heretofore unaware of its challenging implications--this increased hostility being accompanied by a still more arresting revelation of Divine Power and a more abundant effusion of celes-tial grace, which, by enabling the upholders of that Faith to register still more brilliant victories, would thereby generate issues of still more vital import and raise up still more formidable enemies against a Cause that cannot but, in the end, resolve those issues and crush the resistance of those enemies, through a still more glorious unfoldment of its inherent power. Shoghi Effendi, Messages to America, pp. 51-52 The Forms Opposition Will Take We have only to refer to the warnings uttered by 'Abdu'l-Baha in order to realize the extent and character of the forces that are destined to contest with God's holy Faith. . . . 5.20 Protection of The Faith Stupendous as is the struggle which His words foreshadow, they also testify to the complete victory which the upholders of the Greatest Name are destined eventually to achieve. Peoples, nations, adherents of divers faiths, will jointly and successively arise to shatter its unity, to sap its force, and to degrade its holy name. They will assail not only the spirit which it inculcates, but the administration which is the channel, the instrument, the embodiment of that spirit. For as the authority with which Baha'u'llah has invested the future Baha'i Commonwealth becomes more and more apparent, the fiercer shall be the challenge which from every quarter will be thrown at the verities it enshrines. Shoghi Effendi, The World Order of Baha'u'llah, pp. 17-18 Let not, however, the invincible army of Baha'u'llah, who in the West, and at one of its potential storm-centers is to fight, in His name and for His sake, one of its fiercest and most glorious battles, be afraid of any criticism that might be directed against it. Let it not be deterred by any condemnation with which the tongue of the slanderer may seek to debase its motives. Let it not recoil before the threatening advance of the forces of fanaticism, of orthodoxy, of corruption, and of prejudice that may be leagued against it. The voice of criticism is a voice that indirectly reinforces the proclamation of this Cause. Unpopularity but serves to throw into greater relief the contrast between it and its adversaries; while ostracism is itself the magnetic power that must eventually win over to its camp the most vociferous and inveterate amongst its foes. Shoghi Effendi, The Advent of Divine Justice, p. 35 How often we seem to forget the clear and repeated warnings of our beloved Master, Who, in particular during the concluding years of His mission on earth, laid stress on the "severe mental tests" that would inevitably sweep over His loved ones of the West--tests that would purge, purify and prepare them for their noble mission in life. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 50 The Response of the Believers to Opposition In this Day whosoever is guided . . . to gain . . . the station of recognizing the Source of divine commandments and the Dayspring of His Revelation, hath everlastingly attained unto all good. Having reached this lofty station a twofold obligation resteth upon every soul. One is to be steadfast in the Cause with such 5.21 The Response of the Believers to Opposition steadfastness that were all the peoples of the world to attempt to prevent him from turning to the Source of Revelation, they would be powerless to do so. The other is observance of the divine ordinances which have streamed forth from the wellspring of His heavenly- propelled Pen. Baha'u'llah, Tablets of Baha'u'llah revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas, p. 268 For whosoever standeth firm and steadfast in this holy, this glorious, and exalted Revelation, such power shall be given him as to enable him to face and withstand all that is in heaven and on earth. Of this God is Himself a witness. Baha'u'llah, Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah, p. 330 The friends should, therefore, not assume an attitude of mere resignation in the face of persecutions. They should rather welcome them, and utilize them as means for their own spiritual uplift and also for the promotion of the Cause. As the Faith grows stronger and attracts the serious attention and consideration of the world outside, the friends must expect a similar, if not a greater, increase in the forces of opposition which from every direction, both secular and religious, will be massed to undermine the basis of its existence. The final outcome of such a struggle, which will be surely gigantic, is clear to us believers. . . . The friends should be confident, and act with the utmost wisdom and moderation, and should particularly abstain from any provocative act. The future is surely theirs. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated June 24, 1936 As opposition to the Faith, from whatever source it may spring, whatever form it may assume, however violent its outbursts, is admittedly the motive-power that galvanizes, on the one hand, the souls of its valiant defenders, and taps for them, on the other, fresh springs of that Divine and inexhaustible Energy, we who are called upon to represent, defend and promote its interests, should, far from regarding any manifestation of hostility as an evidence of the weakening of the pillars of the Faith, acclaim it as both a God-sent gift and a God-sent opportunity which, if we remain undaunted, we can utilize for the furtherance of His Faith and the routing and complete elimination of its adversaries. Shoghi Effendi, Messages to America 1932-1946, pp. 51-52 5.22 Protection of The Faith The Response of the Assemblies to Opposition It is incumbent upon them [the Assemblies] to be vigilant and cautious, discreet and watchful, and protect at all times the Temple of the Cause from the dart of the mischief-maker and the onslaught of the enemy. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 38 The matter of refuted attacks and criticisms directed against the Cause through the press is . . . one which devolves on the National Spiritual Assembly to consider. This body, whether directly or through the agency of its committees, should decide as to the advisability of answering such attacks, and also should carefully examine and pass upon any statements which the friends wish to send to the press to this effect. Only through such supervision and control of all Baha'i press activities can the friends hope to avoid confusion and misunderstanding. . . . Shoghi Effendi, August 30, 1939, in The Power of the Covenant, Part III, p. 62 /// (See also Chapter 12, Section titled "Relationship with the Media") Triumph of the Cause of God Whatsoever occurreth in the world of being is light for His loved ones and fire for the people of sedition and strife. Even if all the losses of the world were to be sustained by one of the friends of God, he would still profit thereby, whereas true loss would be born by such as are wayward, ignorant and contemptuous. . . . The friends of God shall win and profit under all conditions, and shall attain true wealth. In fire they remain cold, and from water they emerge dry. Their affairs are at variance with the affairs of men. Gain is their lot, whatever the deal. To this testifieth every wise one with a discerning eye, and every fair-minded one with a hearing ear. Baha'u'llah, in Crisis and Victory, pp. 22-23 And now, if you act in accordance with the teachings of Baha'u'llah, you may rest assured that you will be aided and confirmed. You will be rendered victorious in all that you undertake, and all the inhabitants of the earth will be unable to withstand you. You are conquerors, because the power of the Holy Spirit assisteth you. Above and beyond all physical and phenomenal forces, the Holy Spirit itself shall aid you. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Crisis and Victory, p. 25 That the Cause of God should, in the days to come, witness many a challenging hour and pass through critical stages in 5.23 Triumph of the Cause of God preparation for the glories of its promised ascendancy in the new world has been, time and again, undeniably affirmed by our departed Master, and is abundantly proved to us all by its heroic past and turbulent history. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, pp. 60-61 Whatever may befall this infant Faith of God in future decades or in succeeding centuries, whatever the sorrows, dangers and tribulations which the next stage in its world-wide development may engender, from whatever quarter the assaults to be launched by its present or future adversaries may be unleashed against it, however great the reverses and setbacks it may suffer, we, who have been privileged to apprehend, to the degree our finite minds can fathom, the significance of these marvelous phenomena associated with its rise and establishment, can harbor no doubt that what it has already achieved in the first hundred years of its life provides sufficient guarantee that it will continue to forge ahead, capturing loftier heights, tearing down every obstacle, opening up new horizons and winning still mightier victories until its glorious mission, stretching into the dim ranges of time that lie ahead, is totally fulfilled. Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, p. 412 A Faith born of God and guided by His Divine and all-pervasive spirit cannot but finally triumph and firmly establish itself, no matter how persistent and insidious the forces with which it has to contend. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated June 24, 1936 SUGGESTED READINGS The Covenant and Covenant-Breaking Kitab-i-Aqdas, Baha'u'llah Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha, 'Abdu'l-Baha Citadel of Faith, Shoghi Effendi The Promised Day Is Come, Shoghi Effendi The World Order of Baha'u'llah: Selected Letters, Shoghi Effendi The Covenant: A Compilation of Extracts from the Baha'i Writings, compiled by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice 5.24 Protection of The Faith Crisis and Victory, compiled by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice A Commentary on the Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha, David Hoffman The Covenant: Its Meaning and Origin and Our Attitude Toward It, National Teaching Committee (See the index for a detailed guide to further study.) Covenant of Baha'u'llah , Adib Taherzadeh Eternal Covenant , Lowell Johnson The Power of the Covenant (India) /// (See also the index of The Covenant: Its Meaning and Origin and Our Attitude Toward It for a detailed guide to further study) 5.25 "Fair Use" APPENDIX USE OF COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Quoting Passages from the Central Figures of the Faith Spiritual Assemblies and individuals are free to quote in their publications from any of the Writings of the three Central Figures of the Faith or from the writings of the beloved Guardian, whether in the original language or in translation, without obtaining clearance from the copyright holder, unless the copyright holder in the case of a translation is an individual or is a non-Baha'i institution. . . . The ruling is made to ensure that the Sacred Scriptures of our Faith and the writings of the beloved Guardian may be freely used by the believers; it does not change the existing requirements for review before publication, neither does it relieve Spiritual Assemblies of their responsibility to protect the dignity of the Faith and uphold the proper standard of reverence in the use of its Sacred Scriptures. Thus, if an Assembly sees that one of the friends is making use of any of the Holy Texts in an unbefitting manner, it should remonstrate with him and if necessary, require him to stop doing so. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated September 4, 1981, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance , par 363 Using Musical and Artistic Works /// Musical and artistic works are usually covered by copyrights. This includes most special material items (posters, recordings, notecards, films, filmstrips, and so on). Permission should be requested from the publisher or other copyright holder to duplicate or make use of portions of such materials in a separate work. Using Films, Filmstrips, or Other Visual Materials /// Copyrighted Baha'i films, filmstrips, and other visual materials may be used on television programs without written or verbal permission. The source should be properly acknowledged in the credits of the program. Acknowledging the Author or Source /// The author and source of a passage should always be acknowledged, even if permission to reprint the passage is not needed. This applies also to published works with no copyright and to works on which the copyright has expired. Care should be taken to reprint the passage exactly as printed in the original source. "Fair Use" /// If a Local Spiritual Assembly or individual wishes to use a passage from published works other than the Sacred Texts and the writings 5.26 Protection of The Faith of Shoghi Effendi, permission to do so may be necessary. It should first be determined whether the passage to be used falls within the "fair use" (i.e., the permissible use) of the copyrighted material within another work. "Fair use" generally allows: /// * Quotations of excerpts in a review or criticism for purposes of illustration or comment /// * Quotations of short passages in a scholarly or technical work for illustration or clarification of the author's observations /// * Summary of an address or article, with brief quotations, in a news report /// * Incidental and fortuitous reproduction in a broadcast of a work located in the scene or an event being reported /// * Reproduction of a work in legislative or judicial proceedings /// The copyright law does not attempt to define the limits of the fair use of copyrighted material, but as an aid in resolving particular fair use cases, four factors are weighed: /// * The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole /// * The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work /// * The purpose and character of the use /// * The nature of the copyrighted work /// Information on fair use is from Donald F. Johnston, The Copyright Handbook, 2nd ed., New York: R.R. Bowker Company, 1982. /// Once it is determined that the use of an excerpt from a copyrighted material falls within the definition of "fair use," permission from the copyright holder need not be obtained. If, however, the use falls outside of the definition of "fair use," permission may be necessary. If there are any doubts as to whether use of a particular work requires permission, it is best to contact the copyright holder and/or the Baha'i Publishing Trust. Obtaining Permission /// The copyright belongs to the author or composer or creator of the work or to whomever he has transferred it (publisher, recording company, film studio, etc.). One of the usual responsibilities of a publisher is to handle permissions--requests from authors, editors, or other publishers to make use of copyrighted material in works of their own creation. The procedure of requesting permission helps ensure that the material will be used in a way that will not be 5.27 Obtaining Permission damaging to the original work and that it is properly credited in order to protect the copyright. /// To expedite requests for permission to use copyrighted materials, be sure that the inquiry is directed to the proper publisher. The publisher's or producer's name can usually be found on the title and/or copyright page of the book or, in the case of non-printed material such as recordings on cassette tape and compact disc, in a prominent location. The request for permission to use the material should include: /// * The specific passages to be used, including: /// * Author /// * Title of the work /// * Page, paragraph, and line numbers of each passage /// * Any other specific identifying information /// * Complete information on how the material is to be used /// * Information on the number of copies to be made /// * Information on how the copies will be distributed /// * Any other relevant information 6.1 Chapter 6 COMMUNITY MEMBERSHIP THREE CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP STATUS Baha'is in Good Standing /// Baha'is in possession of their administrative rights may attend Nineteen Day Feasts, vote and be voted for in Baha'i elections, participate in activities reserved for enrolled members in good standing, contribute to the Fund, receive publications intended for Baha'is only, be appointed to service by the institutions of the Faith, be married in the Faith, and enjoy the blessings of Baha'i law. Baha'is Deprived of Membership Rights /// The deprivation of membership rights is a sanction which a National Spiritual Assembly imposes when it is clear that a Baha'i has knowingly or flagrantly violated certain laws of the Faith or has demonstrated an inability to behave responsibly as a member of the Baha'i community. Shoghi Effendi gave the following explanation about the meaning of this penalty: Regarding the matter of believers who have been deprived of their voting rights; just as no one should ever be deprived of his voting right lightly, it should, likewise, be realized that to be deprived of it is a grave matter, and involving heavy penalties spiritually. People who have been so deprived should not be permitted to attend any meetings involving the administration of the Cause, such as an election or a Nineteen Day Feast. They can attend the Nine Holy Days; however, they should not be married by Baha'i Law, no money should be accepted from them, they should not be given credentials (which imply a member of the community in good standing), nor should they be used officially as teachers or speakers. Shoghi Effendi, in Principles of Baha'i Administration, p. 88 /// A person whose administrative rights of membership in the Baha'i community have been removed is a Baha'i at heart if he still recognizes 6.2 Community Membership Baha'u'llah and believes in His Revelation. Since his spiritual commitment is not in question, his continuing Baha'i life can include worship of God through the prayers of the Bab, Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha, and observance of the Fast, of the Baha'i Holy Days, and of all the personal and family occasions of the Faith. He has access to the literature of the Faith and, unless specified otherwise by the National Spiritual Assembly, may attend proclamation meetings and Baha'i school sessions that are open to the public. He may subscribe to Brilliant Star and World Order Magazine and other general publications, but he cannot receive The American Baha'i. He cannot have a Baha'i marriage or go on pilgrimage. /// At times the National Spiritual Assembly may apply limited sanctions. /// (See also Chapter 15, Section entitled "Limited Sanctions," and Section entitled "Meaning of Deprivation of Administrative Rights") Expulsion for Covenant-Breaking The suspension of voting and other administrative rights of an individual, always conditional and therefore temporary, can never have such far-reaching implications, since it constitutes merely an administrative sanction; whereas his expulsion or excommunication from the Faith . . . has far-reaching spiritual implications affecting the very soul of that believer. The former, as already stated, is an administrative sanction, whereas the latter is essentially spiritual, involving not only the particular relationship of a believer to his local or National Assembly, but his very spiritual existence in the Cause. It follows, therefore, that a believer can continue calling himself a Baha'i even though he may cease to be a voting member of the Community. But in case he is excluded from the body of the Cause by an act of the Guardian [now the Universal House of Justice] he ceases to be a believer, and cannot possibly identify himself even nominally with the Faith. Shoghi Effendi, in Principles of Baha'i Administration, p. 86 DECLARATION AND ENROLLMENT OF NEW BELIEVERS /// (See also Chapter 7, Section entitled "Conditions for Enrollment") /// Generally, the enrollment of a new believer involves three steps: /// * Declaration of faith by the new believer /// * Enrollment by a Local Spiritual Assembly, its representative, or an authorized agency /// * Recording of the enrollment by the National Spiritual Assembly through its Office of Management Information Services 6.3 Enrollment Declaration Criteria for Acceptance The process of becoming a Baha'i is necessarily slow and gradual. The essential is not that the beginner should have a full and detailed knowledge of the Cause, a thing which is obviously impossible in the vast majority of cases, but that he should by an act of his own will, be willing to uphold and follow the truth and guidance set forth in the Teachings, and thus open his heart and mind to the reality of the Manifestation. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in Baha'i News, #213, November 1948 /// When an individual accepts Baha'u'llah as the latest Manifestation of God, a declaration card should be completed. On the card, the person is asked to provide his or her name, residential and mailing addresses, telephone number, and birth date, so that the individual can be added to the membership rolls and receive mailings. /// There may be occasions when the declarant does not wish to sign the card. If the Local Spiritual Assembly is satisfied that the person sincerely believes in Baha'u'llah, it should send the (unsigned) enrollment card to the National Spiritual Assembly explaining the circumstances and providing the necessary information-- name, address, etc. Enrollment /// Once a person has made a declaration of belief in Baha'u'llah by completing and signing a declaration card, the Local Spiritual Assembly (or its representative) ascertains that the declarant is sincere in his declaration of faith in Baha'u'llah and is aware of the Baha'i laws. If the Local Spiritual Assembly is satisfied that the declarant meets the requirements of membership, it approves the enrollment. /// Some Assemblies prefer to welcome personally the declarant into the Baha'i community. Others appoint representatives to meet with the new believer. /// When the declaration has been accepted, the declaration card should be signed by a representative of the Local Spiritual Assembly and sent to the National Spiritual Assembly (Department of Management Information Services). (It is advisable to make a copy for the local records. As a matter of courtesy, the Assembly may want also to send a copy to the Local Spiritual Assembly where the declarant lives, if it is not the same community as where he or she was enrolled.) /// The new believer then may attend Baha'i functions and is eligible to vote and to be elected to administrative bodies. If an event is held that requires a Baha'i identification card, the local community may vouch for the new Baha'i. /// These procedures are used for most enrollments. There are some cases which require special procedures. 6.4 Community Membership /// (See also in this Chapter, Sections entitled "Special Enrollment Procedures" and "Reinstatement from Withdrawal") Recording the Enrollment /// When a signed declaration/enrollment card is received by the National Spiritual Assembly, the name, the address and Baha'i community, the telephone number, and the age of the new believer are recorded on the national membership rolls. A membership card with the Baha'i identification number, a welcoming letter, and introductory materials are sent to the new believer. Special Enrollment Procedures Southeast Asians /// The National Spiritual Assembly has adopted special procedures to expedite the enrollment of Southeast Asian immigrants in order to encourage their immediate participation in the activities of the Baha'i community. These individuals do not need to sign declaration cards and need only to confirm their desire to become Baha'is. Their complete names, birth dates (if available) or ages, and addresses should be forwarded to the National Spiritual Assembly (U.S. Baha'i Refugee Office) on a special form obtained from them. If an exact birth date is not known, they should either estimate based upon age or enter the date 01/01/90. The Local Spiritual Assembly or individual enrolling these friends should indicate the ethnic identity of the Southeast Asian friends (i.e., Cambodian, Hmong, Khmer, Laotian, or Vietnamese) and be careful to clarify their first and last names. Iranian (Persian) Muslims and Other Muslims from the Middle East Moreover, the House of Justice feels that there are a number of cases in which Iranian Muslims could be considered for enrollment as Baha'is; for example, in cases where the Muslim spouse of a Baha'i has shown his or her interest and sincerity and has never engaged in opposing the Cause. Another example is when an Iranian is [has been] a permanent resident of the United States or Canada [before January 1, 1979] and apparently has no ulterior motives, such as assuming Baha'i membership to resolve his visa problems. Proposed enrollments should be referred to the House of Justice for approval so that, if necessary, the matter can be taken up with the Iranian National Assembly.* Of course, even in the cases cited enrollment cannot always be immediately effected. Consideration must be given to other factors: the reaction of relatives in Iran could be a factor in determining the timeliness of enrolling such persons. In such instances it could be explained to them that although they have accepted the Faith in their hearts and are regarded as Baha'is in belief, their enrollment must be postponed because of the situation in Iran. Meanwhile, the Baha'is 6.5 Israelis should maintain friendly contacts with them, and deepen them in their knowledge of the Faith. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated March 6, 1983, to a National Spiritual Assembly, enclosed with a second letter, dated March 8, 1983, to another National Spiritual Assembly /// *Since the National Spiritual Assembly of Iran has been disbanded, Baha'is in Iran are consulted on these matters. /// Iranian declarants (any persons from an Iranian background regardless of their immigration status or length of stay in the United States) and other Muslim declarants from the Middle East may participate in administrative functions only after their enrollments are confirmed by the National Spiritual Assembly. Every Iranian seeking to be enrolled as a Baha'i should complete the Persian Enrollment/Registration Information Form in addition to completing the declaration card. This form can be obtained from the Baha'i National Center (Department of Management Information Systems). /// In addition to ensuring that the appropriate forms are completed and sent to the Baha'i National Center, the Local Spiritual Assembly should meet with declarants to find out the depth of their understanding of the Faith and the sincerity of their claims. A report of the meeting and the Local Assembly's recommendations for accepting the enrollments should be sent to the Department of Management Information Systems. /// The enrollment process is completed when the Baha'i National Center issues an identification card. Except for children of registered members of the American Baha'i community, enrollment of all Persians (including youth) requires confirmation from Baha'is in Iran. Enrollment of Muslims from other Middle Eastern countries requires confirmation from the Universal House of Justice. These communications are coordinated through the Baha'i National Center. /// Because communication with the believers in Iran is extremely difficult, the verification process may be lengthy--more than a year in some instances. In the meantime, the Local Assembly may invite these persons to attend those events open to the public and encourage them to continue their study of the Faith. /// (See also Chapter 7, Appendix C, Section entitled "Special Circumstances Regarding Teaching Muslims in the West") Israelis Whenever an Israeli citizen living in the West, irrespective of his background and religious affiliation, declares his belief and interest in becoming a member of the Baha'i community, he should be informed that the Faith is not taught in Israel and that 6.6 Community Membership there is no Baha'i community there apart from those who are associated with the Baha'i World Center. He cannot be accepted into the Baha'i community if he is planning to return to Israel to reside there. If he plans to continue to reside outside Israel, his enrollment can be accepted, but he will then be subject to the same restrictions about travel to Israel as any other Baha'i, in that he could do so only with the express permission of the Universal House of Justice. In any event, the Universal House of Justice should be informed of any such declaration. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 20, 1994, to several National Spiritual Assemblies Mainland Chinese Citizens of the PRC [People's Republic of China] may be accepted as believers without making a written declaration of faith or being officially registered. It should be made clear to them that there is no Baha'i administration in China and therefore at this time Baha'i laws of personal status are not binding, nor are they required to withdraw from membership in other associations. However, they should endeavor to learn about Baha'i laws and principles and should, as a matter of conscience, endeavor to practice these to the best of their ability. Chinese believers who are citizens of the PRC should be introduced to each other as Baha'is only if they are willing for this to be done. They may participate in the social life of the Baha'i community in a normal manner but not be singled out for undue attention or be subjected to public gaze. Baha'is from the PRC should be advised of the caution needed regarding teaching the Faith on the Chinese mainland and be asked to observe it for their own protection as well as the future of the Faith there. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated April 19, 1989, to a National Spiritual Assembly Membership records of the Baha'is who are citizens of the PRC are maintained at the World Center at present. Each National Spiritual Assembly is asked to supply the House of Justice with the following information on each of these friends who have accepted the Faith under its jurisdiction: full name of the person in Chinese script, full name in the Roman alphabet, current address, home address in China, date of declaration and occupation. 6.7 Mentally Ill and Mentally Handicapped Locally, the records of these new declarants should remain confidential and not be published in any way. From the Universal House of Justice, enclosed with a letter dated April 19, 1989, to a National Spiritual Assembly For the protection of these new declarants, their records should not be published nor should the fact that citizens of China are involved in Baha'i activities be publicized. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated October 8, 1987 /// (See also Chapter 7, Appendix A, Section entitled "Special Circumstances Regarding Teaching Chinese") Prisoners /// A declarant who is a prisoner should be contacted by members of the Local Spiritual Assembly or its representatives, who, if satisfied that the declarant has sincere intentions, can complete the person's enrollment. A prisoner, showing sincere faith in the Cause, may be accepted as a Baha'i on the same basis of investigating his qualifications as to belief as any other individual outside prison. Each case should be carefully considered on its own merits. Naturally, a person in confinement cannot be active in any community and administrative work. When he gets out, he becomes part of the community in which he resides. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated August 5, 1955, to a National Spiritual Assembly You are free to accept declarations of faith from inmates of a prison, but their participation as voting believers can take place only after they have been discharged from prison. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 8, 1969, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance, par. 263 /// (See also Chapter 7, Appendix E, "Special Circumstances Concerning the Teaching and Enrollment of Prisoners") Mentally Ill and Mentally Handicapped The question of mental instability has no bearing upon the acceptance of an enrollment unless it is of such a nature that it affects the ability of the declarant to judge whether or not he believes in Baha'u'llah. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated April 19, 1981 6.8 Community Membership /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Drug and Alcohol Use," which relates to the enrollment of a person who is mentally handicapped) /// (See also Chapter 15, Section entitled "Behavior that Damages the Reputation of the Faith or Causes Disunity") Persons Whose Behavior Is Contrary to Baha'i Law The acceptance of a person into the Baha'i community should be based not on whether he is leading an exemplary life, but on whether the Assembly is reasonably certain that he is sincere in his declaration of faith in Baha'u'llah and that he knows of the laws which would affect his personal conduct, so that he does not enter the community under a misapprehension. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated April 19, 1981 Homosexuality When a person wishes to join the Faith and it is generally known that he or she has a problem such as drinking, homosexuality, taking drugs, adultery, etc., the individual should be told in a patient and loving way of the Baha'i Teachings on these matters. If it is later discovered that a believer is violating Baha'i standards, it is the duty of the Spiritual Assembly to determine whether the immoral conduct is flagrant and can bring the name of the Faith into disrepute, in which case the Assembly must take action to counsel the believer and require him or her to make every effort to mend his ways. If the individual fails to rectify his conduct in spite of repeated warnings, sanctions should be imposed. Assemblies, of course, must exercise care not to pry into the private lives of the believers to ensure that they are behaving properly, but should not hesitate to take action in cases of blatant misbehavior. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated September 11, 1995, to a National Spiritual Assembly To regard homosexuals with prejudice and disdain would be entirely against the spirit of Baha'i Teachings. The doors are open for all of humanity to enter the Cause of God, irrespective of their present circumstances; this invitation applies to homosexuals as well as to any others who are engaged in practices contrary to the Baha'i Teachings. Associated with this invitation is the expectation that all believers will make a sincere and persistent effort to eradicate those aspects of their conduct which are not in conformity with Divine 6.9 Membership in Secret Organizations, Other Religious Organizations, and Political Involvement Law. It is through such adherence to the Baha'i Teachings that a true and enduring unity of the diverse elements of the Baha'i community is achieved and safeguarded. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated September 11, 1995, to a National Spiritual Assembly /// (See also Chapter 15, Section entitled "Homosexuality") Companionate Marriage The young lady in question should be advised by you or the believer with whom she has been studying that the decision as to whether or not she wishes to enroll in the Faith rests with her and her alone. Your Assembly should not prevent her from enrolling should she so decide, but if she does apply for membership in the community, she obviously should understand that she will be expected to conduct herself as a Baha'i by adjusting her relationship to the man with whom she is presently living. This means that either they must become legally married or she should sever the existing relationship between them. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated April 4, 1977, to a Spiritual Assembly /// (See also Chapter 15, Section entitled "Immorality") Membership in Secret Organizations, Other Religious Organizations, and Political Involvement If a person is registered as a member of a church or similar religious organization he should withdraw from it on becoming a Baha'i. In the case of new believers, it should be made clear to them in the course of teaching them the Faith that one cannot be a Baha'i and also a member of another religious organization. This is simply a matter of straightforwardness and honesty. . . . You should not formalize the method by which the withdrawal from the church is to be made, and certainly nothing should be added to a declaration form, if you use one. It should be left to the Local Spiritual Assembly which is accepting the declaration to satisfy itself, as it deems best in each case, that the new believer has already resigned from the church, or does so within a reasonable time of his declaration. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated November 21, 1968 We fully appreciate the problem, posed in the case of youth who accept Baha'u'llah but whose parents strongly oppose their withdrawal from the Church. In such cases where the 6.10 Community Membership parents oppose their withdrawal and insistence upon it by the youth would undermine the unity of the family it is permissible for the withdrawal to be postponed until the youth attains the age of 21. This would not, of course, in any way affect his acceptance into the Baha'i community. As you mention, this is the very time at which such a newly-declared believer needs all the deepening and confirmation he can receive. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated November 6, 1972 There may be occasions when an enrollment must be postponed, as in the case of someone holding a political post, unless that person is able and can, in good conscience, resign from such a post immediately. Other cases may permit acceptance but indicate a need for fixing a time when the individual will be required to conform to certain laws, such as membership in the Masonic Order, church, or other ecclesiastical organizations. Still other times an individual may be encouraged to become better acquainted with the spirit, laws and principles of the Faith before submitting his application. However, the Guardian has cautioned us not to be too rigid in our requirements for accepting new believers or to place hindrances in their way. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated May 13, 1979, to an individual believer, in Lights of Guidance, par. 254 /// (See also Chapter 15, Sections entitled "Political Activity" and "Membership in Other Organizations") STATUS OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH Children of Non-Baha'i Parents Under 15 Years Old If the non-Baha'i parents of a youth under 15 permit their child to be a Baha'i, we have no objection whatsoever from the point of view of the Teachings to permitting such a youth to declare as a Baha'i, regardless of age. When he declares his faith in Baha'u'llah, he will then be accepted in the community and be treated as other Baha'i children. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 13, 1970, to a National Spiritual Assembly 15 to 21 Years Old Declarations of faith from non-Baha'i youth between the ages of fifteen and twenty-one, whose parents are not Baha'is, may be accepted without the consent of their parents unless this is contrary to the civil law. However, the importance of respect for one's parents must not be forgotten, and such youth may need to be counseled to give heed to their parents' wishes as far as the degree of their activity on behalf of the Faith is concerned, and 6.11 Registration Cards for Children even, if the parents are very antagonistic, to be completely inactive for a time. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated July 19, 1982, to a National Spiritual Assembly Children of Baha'i Parents Unlike the children of some other religions, Baha'i children do not automatically inherit the Faith of their parents. However, the parents are responsible for the upbringing and spiritual welfare of their children, and Spiritual Assemblies have the duty to assist parents, if necessary, in fulfilling these obligations, so that the children will be reared in the light of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah and from their earliest years will learn to love God and His Manifestations and to walk in the way of God's Law. It is natural, therefore, to regard the children of Baha'is as Baha'is unless there is a reason to conclude the contrary. It is quite wrong to think of Baha'i children as existing in some sort of spiritual limbo until the age of fifteen at which point they can "become" Baha'is. In the light of this one can conclude the following: Children born to a Baha'i couple are regarded as Baha'is from the beginning of their lives, and their births should be registered by the Spiritual Assembly. The birth of a child to a couple, one of whom is a Baha'i, should also be registered unless the non-Baha'i parent objects. . . . In the cases of children whose parents become Baha'is, much depends upon the ages and reactions of the children concerned. They will require great love and understanding, and each case must be judged on its own merits. This applies to an added degree, of course, if only one of the parents has accepted the Faith, in which case the attitude of the other parent is an important factor; the aim of the Baha'is should be to foster family unity. The important thing is that the children, whether registered as Baha'is or not, should be made to feel welcome at Baha'i children's classes and other community gatherings. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated July 19, 1982, to a National Spiritual Assembly /// (See also Chapter 9, Sections entitled "Attendance and Participation" and "Behavior of Children.") Registration Cards for Children /// Baha'i parents may complete a Baha'i Registration card for each child and forward it to the Baha'i National Center. (Registration cards can be obtained from the Department of Management Information Services.) When the card is received, the child will be 6.12 Community Membership assigned a Baha'i identification number and the child's name will be added to the national computer records. After the child's name has been recorded on the computer, the child will receive an acknowledgment letter in care of the parents. The letter will include the child's Baha'i identification number, which the parents should refer to when making address changes for the family. /// Parents may register their children at birth or any time before they reach the age of 15. After reaching the age of 15, any child who has not been registered must complete a Baha'i Declaration card to have their name entered on the membership rolls. Possible Circumstances for Not Registering Children It is within the discretion of your National Spiritual Assembly to determine whether children should be registered as Baha'is in cases where one parent is not a Baha'i. Although children of Baha'i parents, under age 15, are generally considered Baha'is, there may be circumstances in which they should not be registered as such, and this is also left to your discretion. Local Spiritual Assemblies should help by advising the parents to consider it one of their primary obligations to raise their children in a spirit of love and dedication towards the Faith. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated October 3, 1976 Registration and Declaration In answer to your letter . . . concerning the registration of children of Baha'i parents the Universal House of Justice has instructed us to say that at the present time it prefers to leave the details of such matters to the discretion of each National Spiritual Assembly. One National Assembly, for example, sends a very nice letter to each Baha'i child in its community on the occasion of its fifteenth birthday (unless, of course, it has reason to doubt that the child in question is a Baha'i), explaining the meaning of attaining the age of maturity, and extending the good wishes of the Assembly for his or her future services to the Cause. This does not require an active response from every child but does provide each with an opportunity to make his or her position clear if desired. The House of Justice points out that the Assembly must wisely steer a course between seeming to doubt the faith of a child who has been brought up as a devout Baha'i on the one hand, and seeming to compel a child to be a member of the Baha'i community against his will, on the other. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated October 5, 1978 6.13 Reaching the Age of Maturity--Fifteen Although the children of Baha'i parents are considered to be Baha'is, there is no objection at the present time, for purposes of keeping a correct census, and also ascertaining whether the young people are, sincerely, believers, and willing to do their share in service to the Faith, to asking them to make a declaration of their intention, at the age of fifteen or so. Originally the Guardian understands this was adopted in America to enable young Baha'i men to make certain arrangements in connection with their application for non-combatant status, upon their attaining the age of military service. There is really nothing about it in the Teachings or in the Administration. Your Assembly is free to do as it pleases in this matter. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated June 17, 1954, to a National Spiritual Assembly The way in which Baha'i children should be registered upon reaching the age of fifteen is within the discretion of each National Spiritual Assembly; there is no objection to using for this purpose the general enrollment card, if such a card is adopted, or a new and separate one specially for Baha'i children attaining the age of fifteen. It is important, however, that whatever method of enrollment is used or card adopted, it is clear to such children that they had been Baha'is up to that time, and that on attaining the age of spiritual maturity they are reaffirming their belief in Baha'u'llah. The form and wording of an enrollment or registration card is also within the discretion of a National Spiritual Assembly. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 28, 1975 Reaching the Age of Maturity--Fifteen Upon attaining the age of fifteen a child becomes spiritually mature and is responsible for stating on his own behalf whether or not he wishes to remain a member of the Baha'i community. If he does not then reaffirm his faith, he must be treated, administratively, as a non-Baha'i. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated December 12, 1975 Fifteen is the age at which a child attains spiritual maturity, and thus it is at the age of fifteen that a Baha'i child assumes the responsibility for obeying such laws as those of fasting and prayer, and for affirming of his own volition his faith in Baha'u'llah. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated July 19, 1982, to a National Spiritual Assembly 6.14 Community Membership It may happen that a Baha'i child, on reaching the age of fifteen, is not entirely sure in his own mind. This can well happen if one of the parents is not a Baha'i or if the parents have accepted the Faith not long before. In such a case the Assembly should not assume automatically that he is not a Baha'i. If the youth wishes to attend Feasts and is content to continue to be regarded as a Baha'i as he was when a child, this should be permitted, but in the process of deepening his understanding of the Faith his parents and the Assembly should explain to him that it is his responsibility to soon make his position clear. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated July 19, 1982, to a National Spiritual Assembly Registered Youth Contacted at Age Fifteen /// In the past, a youth was required to sign a declaration card upon reaching the age of fifteen. Now when a Baha'i youth who has been previously registered reaches the age of fifteen, the National Assembly sends a loving letter along with a membership card and explains what it means to reach the age of maturity. The letter is sent about three months before the youth's fifteenth birthday, and it is not required that the youth complete a Baha'i Declaration card since they have previously been registered as a Baha'i child. /// While the procedures do not require an active response, in accepting the membership card, the youth affirms his belief in Baha'u'llah. It is important to emphasize that a Baha'i child is not compelled to become a Baha'i and is free to leave the Faith at any time. "If any Baha'i finds that he does not believe in the Faith," the Universal House of Justice has stated, "he is free to leave it . . . , and no stigma at all attaches to such an action." /// The National Assembly hopes that each Local Assembly will celebrate this occasion with the youth and take the opportunity to nurture their understanding of the significance of being a Baha'i, of reaching the age of spiritual maturity and of obeying the laws of the Faith. /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Withdrawal from and Reinstatement of Membership") BAHA'I CREDENTIALS /// All Baha'is, adult and youth, should carry current identification cards issued by the National Spiritual Assembly. The cards identify them as members of the Baha'i Faith in good standing and entitle them to attend Nineteen Day Feasts, Baha'i conferences, national and state conventions, and other meetings which are for Baha'is only. 6.15 Transfer of Membership Checking Credentials /// The Local Spiritual Assembly is responsible for checking the credentials of Baha'is from other localities who wish to participate in community activities restricted to Baha'is. /// Checking visitors' membership cards protects the community from those who have had their membership revoked or from anyone who may be hostile toward the Faith. Checking credentials will become increasingly important as the Faith expands and as it begins to encounter opposition. Shoghi Effendi wrote: /// . . . As the Movement grows in prestige, fame and influence, as the ambitions, malice and ill-will of strangers and enemies correspondingly wax greater, it becomes increasingly important for every individual and Spiritual Assembly to be on their guard lest they fall innocent victims of the evil designs of the malevolent, the self-seeking and greedy. Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, p. 102 /// Since it sometimes happens that unscrupulous individuals will attempt to take advantage of the kindness and hospitality of the Baha'i community, it is especially important that the Local Spiritual Assembly ask to see the Baha'i identification of strangers claiming to be Baha'is and politely but firmly ask them to leave should they be unable to produce current Baha'i credentials. /// Visitors from other countries who do not have current credentials must have their Baha'i status confirmed through the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States (Department of Management Information Services). /// Baha'i credentials can only be processed through the Baha'i National Center. Local Spiritual Assemblies are not authorized to give temporary or permanent identification cards or credentials to Baha'is. /// (See also Chapter 12, Section entitled "Contact with Government Officials") Transfer of Membership /// Baha'is from other countries who plan to remain in the United States for any length of time must send their current credentials to the National Spiritual Assembly. Current credentials are considered to be a letter or identification card not more than one year old issued by the former National Spiritual Assembly. The National Assembly will retain the credentials and provide them with U.S. Baha'i credentials. /// If Baha'is do not have current credentials, they should contact their former National Spiritual Assembly and request the transfer of their Baha'i membership to the American Baha'i community. They 6.16 Community Membership should include their former and current addresses. When the transfer is complete, they will be notified. /// Although a Local Spiritual Assembly should not write to the former National Spiritual Assembly on behalf of the Baha'is, an Assembly may assist them with this procedure. /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Special Membership Transfer Procedures") Special Membership Transfer Procedures Transfer of Southeast Asians /// The National Spiritual Assembly has adopted special procedures to expedite the transfer of membership of Southeast Asian immigrants in order to encourage their participation in the activities of the Baha'i community. Therefore, unlike transfers from other countries, newly-arrived Baha'i immigrants from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia need only indicate that they are Baha'is. They may be invited to participate in the activities of their new community regardless of whether they possess Baha'i credentials. Their complete names, birth dates (if available) or ages, and addresses should be forwarded to the National Spiritual Assembly (Attn: U.S. Baha'i Refugee Office) on a special form obtained from them. If an exact birth date is not known, they should either estimate based upon age or enter the date 01/01/90. The Local Spiritual Assembly or individual enrolling these friends should indicate the ethnic identity of the Southeast Asian friends (i.e., Cambodian, Hmong, Khmer, Laotian, or Vietnamese) and be careful to clarify their first and last names. Transfer of Persians /// Note: The term Persian refers to anyone of Persian heritage or anyone with a Persian surname. /// Current procedures for transferring the membership of Persian Baha'is to the United States Baha'i community are as follows: /// * Transfers Must Be Processed Through the Baha'i National Center /// Transfer of membership of Baha'is who arrive in this country from abroad can only be processed by the Baha'i National Center (Department of Management Information Services). Local Spiritual Assemblies are not authorized to make such transfers. /// * Those With Current Credentials /// Persians holding current credentials (less than one year old) from another National Spiritual Assembly may participate in administrative functions such as the Nineteen Day Feast while their transfers to this country are being completed. However, 6.17 Transfer of Persians they are not eligible to participate in elections until their transfers have been completed. /// * Those Without Current Credentials /// According to instructions from the Universal House of Justice, Persian Baha'is who have left Iran since the Revolution [January 1979] and do not have current credentials may not be registered before their Baha'i membership is confirmed by the Baha'is in Iran. Although the Baha'i institutions in Iran have been disbanded, a procedure has been established for verification of Baha'i membership. /// The first step in the process is the filling out of a Persian Baha'i Membership Questionnaire, which may be obtained from the Department of Management Information Services. /// Persians transferring their membership should provide the National Center with specific information about their place of residence in Iran; their date and place of birth; the names and telephone numbers or addresses of their friends or relatives in Iran; and the location number of the Nineteen Day Feast they last attended or the names of the Feast officers. This information is necessary for the friends in Iran to verify their Baha'i membership. /// After the form is filled out, the newly-arrived Persian Baha'is are advised to ask their friends and relatives in Iran to introduce them. Because communication with the Baha'is in Iran is often difficult, the verification process may be lengthy--more than a year in some instances. /// Those without valid current credentials may participate only in those functions open to non-Baha'is. /// * Former Members of the United States Baha'i Community /// * Former members of the United States Baha'i community who have been out of the country for more than six months need to be transferred officially back in. Iranian Baha'is who were members of the American Baha'i community but have traveled to Iran, even for a short time, are subject to the verification process. /// * Temporary Credentials, Introductory Letters /// * Local Assemblies are not to issue temporary identification cards for newly-arrived believers, nor should they write letters introducing them as Baha'is in good standing to immigration officials or other local, state, or Federal officials. All requests 6.18 Community Membership from Iranian Baha'is for assistance with immigration should be forwarded to the Baha'i National Center (Attn: Office of Persian/American Affairs). /// Local Assemblies and Baha'i groups should lovingly explain to the newly-arrived Persian Baha'is the need for complying with the instructions of the Universal House of Justice, and should enforce these instructions firmly and uniformly. WITHDRAWAL FROM AND REINSTATEMENT OF MEMBERSHIP Handling Requests for Withdrawal /// The objective in handling withdrawal requests is not merely to clarify individuals' Baha'i status or to "clean up the membership list." Rather, the aim is to draw ambivalent Baha'is closer to the Faith. Often the most effective means to assist those who are wavering in their faith or having severe difficulties is to invite them to meet with the Assembly, or to send a mature and deepened believer to meet with them and discuss the nature of their belief and any other pertinent questions. Dealing with the matter entirely through correspondence or over the phone generally proves unhelpful and should be avoided when possible. /// Upon investigation an Assembly may learn that the person believes in Baha'u'llah but does not wish to participate in the affairs of the Baha'i community. If this is the case, his withdrawal should not be accepted, yet his wish not to participate in community life should be honored. The Assembly should strive to nurture each person and draw him closer to the Baha'i community and to make each feel he is a welcomed and valued member. If, however, the investigation reveals that he does not believe in Baha'u'llah and His Revelation, then he is free to withdraw from the Faith and such a withdrawal should be accepted. /// When reporting a withdrawal case to the National Spiritual Assembly, the Local Spiritual Assembly should include the person's Baha'i identification number, give a brief but complete summary of the case, and include its recommendations and the reasons for them. The National Spiritual Assembly will then make the decision about whether to accept the withdrawal. /// The National Spiritual Assembly at times receives letters directly from persons expressing a desire to leave the Faith. If they recant their faith, the National Spiritual Assembly will honor the requests to withdraw from Baha'i membership. Likewise, if the person states that they have joined another Faith, the National Spiritual Assembly will accept their withdrawal since their action indicates that they no longer believe in Baha'u'llah. If no reasons are given and the persons live within the jurisdiction of a Local Spiritual Assembly, the Assembly will be asked for its comments and possible 6.19 Criteria for Withdrawal assistance in resolving whatever problems may have prompted the request. If they live in an area without a Local Spiritual Assembly, the National Spiritual Assembly may ask a nearby Assembly to handle the case. Meaning of Withdrawal /// Withdrawal from membership in the Baha'i community means that the individual no longer believes in Baha'u'llah or His Revelation. It is not the same as being a Covenant-breaker, and the person should not be avoided as one would avoid a Covenant-breaker. In fact, individuals often become believers again later and are reinstated. Criteria for Withdrawal Should one who is a member of the Baha'i Community lose his faith or find that he had not really believed from the beginning he would notify the Spiritual Assembly of his withdrawal from the Community. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 15, 1967, to a National Spiritual Assembly If a person makes it quite clear that they do not wish to be considered an active member of the Baha'i Community and be affiliated with it and exert their voting right, then their name should be removed from the voting list; but if a person considers himself or herself a Baha'i, and for various reasons is not able to be active in the affairs of the Community, then they should certainly not be removed from our voting list. . . . Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated March 2, 1951, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance, par. 300 Any member of the Baha'i Community who finds that he does not believe in Baha'u'llah and His Revelation is free to withdraw from the Faith and such a withdrawal should be accepted. But a Baha'i who continues to believe in Baha'u'llah cannot withdraw from the Baha'i Community. While he believes in this Revelation he is subject to its laws. Therefore your National Spiritual Assembly was not correct in accepting Mr. ...'s withdrawal from the Faith. In his very letter of withdrawal Mr. ... reaffirmed his belief in the Faith. You should, therefore, immediately reinstate him and so inform him. Of course, he may well wish to remain inactive, and if so his wish should be respected, but he should know that he is a member of the Baha'i community. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated July 8, 1970 6.20 Community Membership /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Withdrawing to Avoid Baha'i Law") With regard to those who do not consider themselves Baha'is on the basis of the argument that they signed the Declaration Card without actually knowing the significance of what they were doing, you should determine who these people are. You should then deepen their knowledge of the Faith. If they feel, after receiving sufficient information, that they do not wish to be Baha'i, then their names should be removed from the Baha'i membership list. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated June 23, 1985, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance, par. 2035 Inactivity Not a Basis for Removal from Membership People who are inactive should not automatically be removed from the voting list. . . . It is very discouraging to find inactive and unresponsive believers; on the other hand we must always realize that some souls are weak and immature and not capable of carrying on an active administrative burden. They need encouragement, the love of their fellow Baha'is and assistance. To blame them for not doing more for the Cause is useless and they may actually have a very firm belief in Baha'u'llah which with care could be fanned into flame. Letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated April 25, 1947, to an individual believer If believers become inactive it is naturally desirable that the Local Spiritual Assemblies attempt to maintain contact with them and encourage them to become active unless, of course, it is obvious that their personal situation precludes such activity. For example, a Baha'i who is married to a non-Baha'i may well have to limit his activities to some degree in order to maintain the unity of his family. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated May 7, 1975 /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Community Membership List") Withdrawing to Avoid Baha'i Law If a believer who did not like a particular law were to be permitted to leave the community to break the law, and then rejoin with impunity, this would make a mockery of the Law of God. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 15, 1967, to a National Spiritual Assembly A believer cannot escape administrative expulsion by the ruse of resigning from the Faith in order to break its law with impunity. However, the Assembly should be satisfied that there was 6.21 Marriages, Births, Burials indeed such an ulterior motive behind the withdrawal. A believer's record of inactivity and his general attitude to the Faith may well lead the Assembly to conclude that his withdrawal was bona fide . . . and in such a case the withdrawal may be accepted. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 20, 1971, to a National Spiritual Assembly We note the case in which believers have evidently attempted to withdraw from the Faith in an effort to evade the Baha'i law requiring consent of parents. This, of course, should not be permitted and such believers are subject to administrative expulsion (i.e. loss of voting rights) on the same basis as if they had not made that attempt. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated September 7, 1965, to a National Spiritual Assembly Reinstatement from Withdrawal /// The reinstatement of membership of persons who have withdrawn from the Faith does not require the signing of a Baha'i Declaration card. Rather, those wishing to be reinstated should apply directly or through a Local Spiritual Assembly to the National Spiritual Assembly. The Local Assembly should determine that the person accept the station of Baha'u'llah and is willing to assume the responsibilities of Baha'i membership, and if that is the case, forward this information with a request for reinstatement to the National Assembly. If the request is accepted, the person is reinstated under their original Baha'i identification number. COMMUNITY MEMBERSHIP Register of Vital Statistics Marriages, Births, Burials Local Spiritual Assemblies, which are embryonic Local Houses of Justice, should develop as rallying centers of the community. They must concern themselves not only with teaching the Faith, with the development of the Baha'i way of life and with the proper organization of the Baha'i activities of their communities, but also with those crucial events which profoundly affect the life of all human beings: birth, marriage, and death. When a Baha'i has a child it is a matter of joy to the whole local community as well as to the couple, and each Local Spiritual Assembly should be encouraged to keep a register of such births, issuing a birth certificate to the parents. Such a practice will foster the consolidation of the community and of the Assembly itself. Even if only one of the parents is a Baha'i, the Assembly could register the birth of the child, and upon application of the Baha'i parent issue the certificate. . . . Each Assembly . . . must conscientiously carry out its responsibilities in connection with the . . . recording of Baha'i 6.22 Community Membership marriages in a register kept for this purpose, and the issuing of Baha'i marriage certificates. . . . In some parts of the world, if Local Spiritual Assemblies fail to carry out these sacred duties some believers might gradually drift away from the Faith and even pay dues to churches or other religious organizations to ensure that, when they require to register the birth of a child, to solemnize a marriage or to have a funeral service, there will be a religious institution ready to perform the necessary services. Conversely, when Local Assemblies have arisen to carry out these responsibilities, the believers have acquired a sense of security and solidarity, and have become confident that in such matters they can rely upon the agencies of the World Order of Baha'u'llah. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated April 17, 1981, to All National Spiritual Assemblies /// Marriage and birth certificates are available for a small fee from the Management Information Services department at the Baha'i National Center. Community Membership List /// A list of Baha'is in the United States is maintained and updated by the National Spiritual Assembly. Twice a year, the National Spiritual Assembly (through its Management Information Services department) sends a revised Community Membership List generated from the national listing to all Local Spiritual Assemblies. /// Three general categories appear on each list: /// * Believers with Known Addresses /// Mail is deliverable at the listed address /// * Believers Who Have Had Their Mail Returned /// Mail does not reach the addressee and is returned to the post office. The community should try to verify the addresses of these believers. /// * Believers Deprived of Their Administrative Rights, Institutionalized, or Imprisoned /// Previously, the names of Baha'is who were deprived of their administrative rights, institutionalized, or imprisoned were removed from the local membership list. Since those people are still members of the Baha'i Faith, however, their names are now retained on the local list with notations about their personal status. 6.23 Sharing Community Lists with Other Communities /// Names that do not appear: /// * Verified Address Unknown /// If the community has verified that a person does not live at the last known address, and no forwarding information is available, the name is removed from the local membership list; however, the person's name is retained on the national membership rolls. /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Inactivity Not a Basis for Removal from Membership"; Chapter 15, Section entitled "Restoration of Administrative Rights") Suggestions for Verifying Addresses of Mail-Returns /// See the Appendix Use of Baha'i Directories and Membership Lists /// Mailing lists and directories are to be used for the work of the Faith only and may not be used for promotional or advertising purposes, or for business solicitation. Baha'is provide their addresses and personal information to the National Spiritual Assembly with the understanding that the information they provide will be kept confidential. The National Spiritual Assembly is obligated to protect the privacy of those who do not wish to receive unauthorized mail. Creation of Mailing Lists for Businesses /// Businesses that sell Baha'i specialty items are required to compile their own mailing lists. Baha'is who have expressed an interest in receiving mail from a particular business may be added to the list. In addition, Baha'i business owners are free to contact other businesses owned by Baha'is to use or purchase their mailing lists. Destruction of Obsolete Lists /// The mailing lists must be kept secure to prevent them from falling into the hands of Covenant-breakers or enemies of the Faith. Obsolete lists should be shredded or burned. Sharing Community Lists with Other Communities /// It is left to the discretion of each Assembly whether it wishes to share its membership lists with other Baha'i institutions. (The lists should only be used to conduct official Baha'i business.) The lists should not, however, be given to individual Baha'is outside of the community without the prior consent of each community member, as the names and addresses of the Baha'is are considered confidential. 6.24 Community Membership APPENDIX SUGGESTIONS FOR VERIFYING ADDRESSES OF MAIL RETURNS /// Check a recent telephone book. If asked, a directory assistance operator will sometimes give out addresses of those whose telephone number is listed. If a correct address is found, visit, write, or call the person to verify the information. /// If there is no phone listing, visit the last known address. Ask neighbors or other local Baha'is whether they have any information. If the person still lives there but is not at home, call or write later. /// Send a letter or a postcard to the last known address with a notation "Address Correction Requested" on the front. Make sure your return address also appears on the envelope. If the person has moved, the Post Office will return the letter with the new address noted on it. A small fee will be charged. /// Addresses can be sought under the Freedom of Information Act. Place a request at the Post Office. The address will be unobtainable if the person moved more than eighteen months before or did not file a change of address. /// Updated address information should be sent to the National Spiritual Assembly (Attn: Management Information Services) on the Baha'i Membership Data Report (BMDR). If a person cannot be located, all efforts to find him should be documented and sent with the BMDR. If it is decided that a reasonable search has been made, the name will be taken off the community membership list and put into the "Verified Address Unknown" file. Then, the name can be dropped from the community's voting list. /// (See also Chapter 16, Section entitled "Locating Parents") 7.1 Chapter 7 TEACHING AND CONSOLIDATION THREE ASPECTS OF TEACHING The House of Justice . . . has instructed us to point out that proc-lamation, expansion, and consolidation are really three differ-ent aspects of teaching which to some degree merge into one another and therefore it is largely for each National Spiritual As-sembly to decide how it will allocate these different aspects to committees in light of the volume of the work and the condition in each country. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated February 27, 1975, to a National Spiritual Assembly Proclamation Worldwide proclamation, the unknown sea on which we must soon sail, will add another dimension to our work, a di-mension which will, as it develops, complement and reinforce the twin processes of expansion and consolidation. This pattern of teach-ing, emerging so soon after the completion of the framework of the Administrative Order, may well be the means of advancing the vital work of consolidation and of rendering more effective the teaching wisdom which has been gained in a hundred years, and more particularly since the beloved Guardian called us to systematic and planned activity. Therefore in those countries where we are free to publicize our religion, this activity must become part of our regular work, included in budgets, assigned to national and local commit-tees for study and implementation and above all for coordination with the programs operating to achieve the goals of the Nine Year Plan. Every effort of proclamation must be sustained by teaching, particularly locally, where public announcements should be related to such efforts. This coordination is essential, for nothing will be 7.2 Teaching and Consolidation more disheartening than for thousands to hear of the Faith and have nowhere to turn for further information. The Universal House of Justice, in Wellspring of Guidance, pp. 112-113 Proclamation comprises a number of activities, of which publicity is only one. . . . One of the most important duties of each national spiritual assembly is to acquaint leaders of thought and prominent men and women in its country with the fundamental aims, the history, and the present status and achievements of the Cause. . . . Another aspect of proclamation is a series of teaching programs designed to reach every stratum of human society--pro-grams that should be pursued diligently and wisely, using every available resource. Publicity itself should be well conceived, dignified, and rever-ent. A flamboyant approach which may succeed in drawing much initial attention to the Cause may ultimately prove to have pro-duced a revulsion which would require great effort to overcome. . . . In all proclamation activities, follow-up is of supreme impor-tance. Proclamation, expansion, and consolidation are mutually helpful activities which must be carefully interrelated. In some places it is desirable to open a teaching campaign with publicity--in oth-ers it is wiser to establish first a solid local community before publi-cizing the Faith or encouraging contacts with prominent people. Here, again, wisdom is needed. The Universal House of Justice, in Wellspring of Guidance, pp. 117-18 The International Teaching Center has concluded that the Baha'i institutions in . . . seem to have been placing too much reliance on large, expensive projects, involving a great deal of successful public relations and proclamation. These are, in their own way, very useful activities, but it must be realized that they cannot be expected to produce large numbers of new believers. The key to the conversion of people to the Faith is the action of the individual Baha'i conveying the spark of faith to individual seekers, answer-ing their questions and deepening their understanding of the teach-ings. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated February 9, 1989, to a National Spiritual Assembly ///(See also Chapter 15, Section entitled "Relationship with the Me-dia") 7.3 Expansion Expansion The Baha'i world needs to foster a united clarity of vision for the expansion of the Cause and all its agencies, and a wide range of activities suited to the differing conditions of both the general population and the individual Baha'is. We therefore urge the friends, and especially the Assemblies, to study this compilation [ Promoting Entry by Troops], to understand the coherence of statements, and to use its counsels to lend a renewed impetus to the spread of the Faith and the establishment of the institutions of the Cause of God. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1996, to the Baha'is of the World For such an expansion to be stimulated and accommodated, the Spiritual Assemblies must rise to a new stage in the exercise of their responsibilities as channels of divine guidance, planners of the teaching work, developers of human resources, builders of com-munities, and loving shepherds of the multitudes. They can realize these prospects through increasing the ability of their members to take counsel together in accordance with the principles of the Faith and to consult with the friends under their jurisdiction, through fos-tering the spirit of service, through spontaneously collaborating with the Continental Counselors and their auxiliaries through cultivating their external relations. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1996, to the Baha'is of the World In North America, there are opportunities for the advancement of the process of entry by troops, the like of which presently exist in no other place on earth. Three unique characteristics combine to give rise to this condition: the unparalleled strength of your local communities, particularly evident in the activity of your Local Spiri-tual Assemblies and in the consecration of the Baha'i youth; the positive impression of the Faith which has been conveyed, not only to the generality of the population, but also to leaders of thought and people of influence; and the composition of your nations, which have welcomed to their shores immigrants, students and refugees from all areas of the planet, drawn from all the major racial, ethnic and religious backgrounds of humanity. You, who live in a conti-nent described by 'Abdu'l-Baha as "the land wherein the splendors of His light shall be revealed, where the mysteries of His Faith shall be unveiled, the home of the righteous, and the gathering-place of 7.4 Teaching and Consolidation the free," are called upon to take full advantage of these favorable circumstances. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1996, to the Followers of Baha'u'llah in North America The stage is set for universal, rapid and massive growth of the Cause of God. The immediate and basic challenge is pursuit of the goals of the Six Year Plan [1986-1992], the preliminary stages of which have already been initiated. The all-important teaching work must be imaginatively, persistently and sacrificially continued, ensuring the enrollment of ever larger numbers who will provide the energy, the resources and spiritual force to enable the beloved Cause to worthily play its part in the redemption of mankind. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1987, to the Baha'is of the World The paramount goal of the teaching work at the present time is to carry the message of Baha'u'llah to every stratum of human society and every walk of life. An eager response to the teachings will often be found in the most unexpected quarters, and any such response should be quickly followed up, for success in a fertile area awakens a response in those who were at first uninterested. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 31, 1967, to all National Spiritual Assemblies In many lands . . . there is an eager receptivity for the teachings of the Faith. The challenge for the Baha'is is to provide these thou-sands of seeking souls, as swiftly as possible, with the spiritual food that they crave, to enlist them under the banner of Baha'u'llah, to nurture them in the way of life He has revealed, and to guide them to elect Local Spiritual Assemblies which, as they begin to function strongly, will unite the friends in firmly consolidated Baha'i commu-nities and become beacons of guidance and havens of refuge to mankind. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Naw-Ruz, 1979, to the Baha'is of the World Consolidation Great care must be taken that when the heart of the individual is touched by the power of Baha'u'llah's Message and the declarant has expressed his desire to embrace the Faith, the pro-cess of deepening be followed almost immediately. Deepening the knowledge of the new believer in the verities of the Faith is the most vital part of teaching; but deepening is not merely the imparting of knowledge--it requires also to imbue the soul of the person with 7.5 Consolidation the love of Baha'u'llah so that his faith may grow day by day and he becomes a steadfast believer. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated June 30, 1993, to an individual believer Training of the friends and their striving, through serious individual study, to acquire knowledge of the Faith, to apply its principles and administer its affairs, are indispensable to developing the hu-man resources necessary to the progress of the Cause. But knowl-edge alone is not adequate; it is vital that training be given in a manner that inspires love and devotion, fosters firmness in the Cov-enant, prompts the individual to active participation in the work of the Cause and to taking sound initiatives in the promotion of its interests. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1993, to the Baha'is of the World While the way in which the teaching work is organized is a matter for each National Spiritual Assembly to determine, the Universal House of Justice stresses the need for "an efficient teaching structure" to ensure that "the tasks are carried out with dispatch and in accordance with the administrative principles of our Faith." It further states that the work of consolidation, which is "an essential and inseparable element of teaching," must be "prompt, thorough and continuing." Such an integrated approach to the ex-pansion of the Cause not only increases the human and financial resources of the Baha'i community, it also helps to avoid such prob-lems as the "inoculation" of believers against the Faith, resulting from a combination of inadequate teaching and careless consoli-dation. From a statement prepared by the Research Department on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated October, 1993, in the compilation Promoting Entry by Troops Consolidation is as vital a part of the teaching work as expansion. It is that aspect of teaching which assists the believers to deepen their knowledge and understanding of the Teachings, and fans the flame of their devotion to Baha'u'llah and His Cause, so that they will, of their own volition, continue the process of their spiritual development, promote the teaching work, and strengthen the functioning of their administrative institutions. Proper consolida-tion is essential to the preservation of the spiritual health of the community, to the protection of its interests, to the upholding of its 7.6 Teaching and Consolidation good name, and ultimately to the continuation of the work of ex-pansion itself. . . . Activities falling into this category include the organiza-tion of circuits of traveling teachers skilled in consolidation work; the holding of summer and winter schools, week-end institutes and conferences; the initiation and operation of tutorial schools; the dissemination of Baha'i literature and the encouragement of its study by the friends; and the organization of special courses and insti-tutes for Local Spiritual Assembly members. . . . Consolidation activities promote the individual spiritual devel-opment of the friends, help to unite and strengthen Baha'i commu-nity life, establish new social patterns for the friends, and stimulate the teaching work. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated April 17, 1981 Consolidation must comprise not only the establishment of Baha'i administrative institutions, but a true deepening in the fundamental verities of the Cause and in its spiritual principles, understanding of its prime purpose in the establishment of the unity of mankind, instruction in its standards of behavior in all aspects of private and public life, in the particular practice of Baha'i life in such things as daily prayer, education of children, observance of the laws of Baha'i marriage, abstention from politics, the obliga-tion to contribute to the Fund, the importance of the Nineteen Day Feast, and opportunity to acquire a sound knowledge of the present- day practice of Baha'i administration. The Universal House of Justice, in Wellspring of Guidance, p. 78 True consolidation is to ensure that the love of Baha'u'llah and devotion to His Faith are firmly rooted in the hearts of the believ-ers; this is the essential foundation for the subsequent addition of increased knowledge of the teachings and the development of the Baha'i way of life. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated November 3, 1974, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in an unpublished compilation prepared by the International Teaching Center To give people this glorious Message and then leave them in the lurch, produces disappointment and disillusionment, so that, when it does become possible to carry out properly planned teaching in that area, the teachers may well find the people resistant to the Message. The first teacher who was careless of consolidation, in-stead of planting and nourishing the seeds of faith has, in fact 7.7 Balancing Expansion and Consolidation "inoculated" the people against the Divine Message and made subsequent teaching very much harder. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated April 16, 1981, to all Continental Pioneer Committees /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "The Importance of Con-solidation"; Chapter 8, Section entitled "How to Develop a Distinc-tive Community Life") Balancing Expansion and Consolidation By a wise allocation of resources and the energetic pursuit of simultaneous plans of expansion, deepening and consolida-tion, the process of entry by troops should bring about a rapidly increasing supply of active believers, soundly based local commu-nities, and steadily evolving local and national Baha'i institutions. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated November 9, 1993, to all National Spiritual Assemblies, in the compilation Promoting Entry by Troops Expansion and consolidation are twin processes that must go hand in hand. The friends must not stop expansion in the name of consolidation. Deepening the newly enrolled believers gener-ates tremendous stimulus which results in further expansion. The enrollment of new believers, on the other hand, creates a new spirit in the community and provides additional potential manpower that will reinforce the consolidation work. The Universal House of Justice, in Wellspring of Guidance, p. 33 Your attention must be focused on the most urgent requirements of the moment, that of keeping the proper balance between winning new converts and deepening the knowledge of the believ-ers in the history and fundamentals of the Faith. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 15, 1968, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in an unpublished compilation prepared by the International Teaching Center Simultaneous and coequal with this vast, ordered, and ever- growing teaching effort, the work of consolidation must go hand in hand. In fact these two processes must be regarded as inseparable. . . . While the work of teaching inevitably goes first, to pursue it alone without consolidation would leave the community unprepared to receive the masses who must sooner or later re-spond to the life-giving message of the Cause. The guidance of our beloved Guardian in this matter is, as ever, clear and unam-biguous: "Every outward thrust into new fields, every multiplication of Baha'i institutions, must be paralleled by a deeper thrust of the 7.8 Teaching and Consolidation roots which sustain the spiritual life of the community and ensure its sound development. From this vital, this ever-present need atten-tion must, at no time, be diverted, nor must it be, under any circum-stances, neglected, or subordinated to the no less vital and urgent task of ensuring the outer expansion of Baha'i administrative institu-tions." A proper balance between these two essential aspects of its development must, from now on, as we enter the era of large- scale conversion, be maintained by the Baha'i community. The Universal House of Justice, in Wellspring of Guidance, pp. 77-78 No Proselytizing It is true that Baha'u'llah lays on every Baha'i the duty to teach His Faith. At the same time, however, we are forbidden to prosely-tize, so it is important for all the believers to understand the differ-ence between teaching and proselytizing. It is a significant differ-ence and, in some countries where teaching a religion is permit-ted, but proselytizing is forbidden, the distinction is made in the law of the land. Proselytizing implies bringing undue pressure to bear upon someone to change his Faith. It is also usually under-stood to imply the making of threats or the offering of material benefits as an inducement to conversion. In some countries mission schools or hospitals, for all the good they do, are regarded with suspicion and even aversion by the local authorities because they are considered to be material inducements to conversion and hence instruments of proselytization. Baha'u'llah, in The Hidden Words, says: "O Son of Dust! The wise are they that speak not unless they obtain a hearing, even as the cup-bearer, who proffereth not his cup till he findeth a seeker, and the lover who crieth not out from the depths of his heart until he gazeth upon the beauty of his beloved . . . ," and on page 55 of The Advent of Divine Justice, a letter which is primarily directed towards exhorting the friends to fulfill their responsibilities in teach-ing the Faith, Shoghi Effendi writes: "Care, however, should, at all times, be exercised, lest in their eagerness to further the interna-tional interests of the Faith they frustrate their purpose, and turn away, through any act that might be misconstrued as an attempt to proselytize and bring undue pressure upon them, those whom they wish to win over to their Cause." Some Baha'is sometimes overstep the proper bounds, but this does not alter the clear principle. The responsibility of the Baha'is to teach the Faith is very great. The contraction of the world and the onward rush of events require us to seize every chance open to us to touch the hearts and minds 7.9 Commandment of God of our fellow men. The Message of Baha'u'llah is God's guidance for mankind to overcome the difficulties of this age of transition and move forward into the next stage of its evolution, and human be-ings have the right to hear it. Those who accept it incur the duty of passing it on to their fellow men. The slowness of the response of the world has caused and is causing great suffering; hence the historical pressure upon Baha'is to exert every effort to teach the Faith for the sake of their fellow men. They should teach with enthu-siasm, conviction, wisdom and courtesy, but without pressing their hearer, bearing in mind the words of Baha'u'llah: "Beware lest ye contend with any one, nay, strive to make him aware of the truth with kindly manner and most convincing exhortation. If your hearer respond, he will have responded to his own behoove, and if not, turn ye away from him, and set your faces towards God's sacred Court, the seat of resplendent holiness." (Gleanings CXXVIII) Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated May 5, 1982, to an individual believer THE NATURE OF TEACHING Commandment of God Say: To assist Me is to teach My Cause. This is a theme with which whole Tablets are laden. This is the changeless com-mandment of God, eternal in the past, eternal in the future. Com-prehend this, O ye men of insight. Baha'u'llah, in Tablets of Baha'u'llah, revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas, p. 196 Of all the gifts of God the greatest is the gift of Teaching. It draweth unto us the Grace of God, and is our first obliga-tion. Of such a gift how can we deprive ourselves? Nay, our lives, our goods, our comforts, our rest, we offer them all as a sacrifice for the Abha Beauty and teach the Cause of God. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha, p. 25 He fully realizes that the demands made upon the Baha'is are great, and that they often feel inadequate, tired and perhaps frightened in the face of the tasks that confront them. This is only natural. On the other hand, they must realize that the power of God can and will assist them; and that because they are privileged to have accepted the Manifestation of God for this Day, this very act has placed upon them a great moral responsibility toward their fellow men. It is this moral responsibility to which the Guardian is constantly calling their attention. . . . Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 37 7.10 Teaching and Consolidation The phrase "advance in the process of entry by troops" accom-modates the concept that current circumstances demand and existing opportunities allow for a sustained growth of the Baha'i world community on a large scale; that this upsurge is necessary in the face of world conditions; that the three constituent participants in the upbuilding of the Order of Baha'u'llah--the individual, the institution, and the community--can foster such growth first by spiri-tually and mentally accepting the possibility of it, and then by work-ing towards embracing masses of new believers, setting in motion the means for effecting their spiritual and administrative training and development, thereby multiplying the number of knowledge-able, active teachers and administrators whose involvement in the work of the Cause will ensure a constant influx of new adherents, an uninterrupted evolution of Baha'i Assemblies, and a steady con-solidation of the community. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan ,1996, to the Baha'is of the World All these requirements must and will surely be met through reconsecrated service on the part of every conscientious mem-ber of the Community of Baha, and particularly through personal commitment to the teaching work. So fundamentally important is this work to ensuring the foundation for success in all Baha'i under-takings and to furthering the process of entry by troops that we are moved to add a word of emphasis for your consideration. It is not enough to proclaim the Baha'i message, essential as that is. It is not enough to expand the rolls of Baha'i membership, vital as that is. Souls must be transformed, communities thereby consolidated, new models of life thus attained. Transformation is the essential purpose of the Cause of Baha'u'llah, but it lies in the will and effort of the individual to achieve it in obedience to the Covenant. Necessary to the progress of this life-fulfilling transformation is knowledge of the will and purpose of God through regular reading and study of the Holy Word. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1989, to the Baha'is of the World Divine Assistance Should any one arise for the triumph of our Cause, him will God render victorious though tens of thousands of enemies be leagued against him. And if his love for Me wax stronger, God will establish his ascendancy over all the powers of earth and heaven. Baha'u'llah, in The Power of Divine Assistance, p. 9 7.11 Divine Assistance If one arise to promote the Word of God with a pure heart, over-flowing with the love of God and severed from the world, the Lord of Hosts will assist him with such a power as will penetrate the core of existent beings. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 9 The Master assured us that when we forget ourselves, and strive with all our powers to serve and teach the Faith, we receive divine assistance. It is not we who do the work, but we are the instruments used at that time for the purpose of teaching His Cause. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 38 The criterion is the extent to which we are ready to have the will of God operate through us. Stop to be conscious of your frailties, therefore; have a perfect reliance upon God; let your heart burn with the desire to serve His Mission and proclaim His call; and you will observe how eloquence and the power to change human hearts will come as a matter of course. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual an Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 21 The harder you strive to attain your goal, the greater will be the confirmations of Baha'u'llah, and the more certain you can feel to attain success. Be cheerful, therefore, and exert yourself with full faith and confidence. For Baha'u'llah has promised His Divine as-sistance to everyone who arises with a pure and detached heart to spread His holy Word, even though he may be bereft of every human knowledge and capacity, and notwithstanding the forces of darkness and of opposition which may be arrayed against him. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Power of Divine Assistance, p. 50 With God's help, he trusts, you will succeed. He will surely reinforce your efforts and assist you in the completion of that task that lies before you. God will, however, assist us if we do our share and sacrifice in the path of the progress of His Faith. We have to feel the responsibility laid upon our shoulders, arise to carry it out, and then expect divine grace to be showered upon us. From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated December 20, 1932, to a National Spiritual Assembly Whereas plans must be carefully made, and every useful means adopted in the furtherance of this work, your Assemblies 7.12 Teaching and Consolidation must never let such plans eclipse the shining truth expounded in the enclosed quotations: that it is the purity of heart, detachment, uprightness, devotion and love of the teacher that attract the divine confirmations and enable him, however ignorant he be in this world's learning, to win the hearts of his fellow men to the Cause of God. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 31, 1967, to all National Spiritual Assemblies, in Wellspring of Guidance , pp. 124-25 THE LOCAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY AND TEACHING When in session it behooveth them to converse, on behalf of the servants of God, on matters dealing with the affairs and interests of the public. For instance, teaching the Cause of God must be accorded precedence, inasmuch as it is a matter of paramount importance, so that thereby all men may enter the pavil-ion of unity and all the peoples of the earth be regarded even as a single body. . . . Teaching the Cause must be viewed according to the condi-tions of the age and of the times so as to see what course is deemed proper to take. Other matters also should be dealt with in like man-ner. They must, however, take care that nothing doth take place contrary to the divine verses sent down in this glorious Manifesta-tion, inasmuch as naught but that which hath been prescribed by the True One--exalted be His glory--would serve the interests of His servants. Baha'u'llah, in The Local Spiritual Assembly, pp. 11-12 Simultaneous with the acceleration in the process of individual conversion, the equally pressing need of safeguarding local spiritual assemblies from dissolution and of increasing rapidly their number, must continually be borne in mind, as the most effective means for the strengthening of the structural basis of the Administra-tive Order of the Faith. Complementing this laudable task, strenu-ous efforts must be exerted for the purpose of multiplying the exist-ing groups and isolated centers in all the continents of the globe. Shoghi Effendi, in Messages to the Baha'i World, p. 118 /// (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Why Individuals Do Not Teach--What the Assembly Can Do") TEACHING AND THE INDIVIDUAL BELIEVER /// The limitations of space in this compilation, and its focus on the responsibilities of the Local Spiritual Assembly rather than the individual believer, prohibit a detailed presentation of the many references 7.13 Steps in the Process of Individual Teaching describing the spiritual prerequisites for teaching and the characteristics of effective teaching. The Local Assembly can refer individuals to the following books: The Advent of Divine Justice, pp. 16-43; The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call; and Effective Teaching. The Obligation to Teach The Pen of the Most High hath decreed and imposed upon every one the obligation to teach this Cause. Baha'u'llah, in Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah, p. 314 Say: Teach ye the Cause of God, O people of Baha, for God hath prescribed unto every one the duty of proclaiming His Message, and regardeth it as the most meritorious of all deeds. Baha'u'llah, in Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah, pp. 278-79 To teach the Cause of God, to proclaim its truths, to defend its interests, to demonstrate, by words as well as by deeds, its indispensability, its potency, and universality, should at no time be regarded as the exclusive concern or sole privilege of Baha'i ad-ministrative institutions, be they Assemblies, or committees. All must participate, however humble their origin, however limited their ex-perience, however restricted their means, however deficient their education, however pressing their cares and preoccupations, how-ever unfavorable the environment in which they live. Shoghi Effendi, in The Advent of Divine Justice, p. 45 Steps in the Process of Individual Teaching The Baha'is must realize that the success of this work depends upon the individual. The individual must arise as never before to proclaim the Faith of Baha'u'llah. The most effective way for them to carry on their work is for the individual to make many contacts, select a few who they feel would become Baha'is, develop a close friendship with them, then complete confidence, and finally teach them the Faith, until they become strong supporters of the Cause of God. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 34 The friends should seek pure souls, gain their confidence, and then teach that person carefully until he becomes a Baha'i, and then nurture him until he becomes a firm and active supporter of the Faith. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 35 7.14 Teaching and Consolidation The hope of Shoghi Effendi is not only to increase the number of the friends but also to have truer and more understanding Baha'is. The task of the teachers is to produce such efficient servants. . . . Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Importance of Deepening, pp. 33-34 The Role of the Individual The role of the individual is of unique importance in the work of the Cause. It is the individual who manifests the vitality of faith upon which the success of the reaching work and the development of the community depend. Baha'u'llah's command to each believer to teach His Faith confers an inescapable responsibility which can-not be transferred to, or assumed by, any institution of the Cause. The individual alone can exercise those capacities which include the ability to take initiative, to seize opportunities, to form friend-ships, to interact personally with others, to build relationships, to win the cooperation of others in common service to the Faith and society, and to convert into action the decisions made by consulta-tive bodies. It is the individual's duty to "consider every avenue of approach which he might utilize in his personal attempt to capture the attention, maintain the interest, and deepen the faith, of those whom he seeks to bring into the fold of his Faith. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1996, to the Baha'is of the World Shoghi Effendi underscored the absolute necessity of individual initiative and action. He explained that without the support of the individual, "at once wholehearted, continuous and generous," every measure and plan of his National Spiritual Assembly is "foredoomed to failure," the purpose of the Master's Divine Plan is "impeded"; furthermore, the sustaining strength of Baha'u'llah Him-self "will be withheld from every and each individual who fails in the long run to arise and play his part." Hence, at the very crux of any progress to be made is the individual believer, who possesses the power of execution which only he can release through his own initiative and sustained action. Regarding the sense of inadequacy that sometimes hampers individual initiative, a letter written on his behalf conveys the Guardian's advice: "Chief among these, you mention the lack of courage and of initiative on the part of the believers, and a feeling of inferiority which prevents them from addressing the public. It is precisely these weaknesses that he wishes the friends to overcome, for these do not only paralyze their efforts but actually serve to quench the flame of faith in their hearts. Not until all the friends come to realize that every one of them is able, in 7.15 Counteracting Frustration of Slow Progress his own measure, to deliver the Message, can they ever hope to reach the goal that has been set before them by a loving and wise Master . . . . Everyone is a potential teacher. He has only to use what God has given him and thus prove that he is faithful to his trust." Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1996, to the Baha'is of the World It is, of course, the individual believer who bears primary respon-sibility for securing this goal ["expanding your membership"]; there-fore, it is primarily to the individual believer, "on whom," as the beloved Guardian averred, "in the last resort, depends the fate of the entire community," that our concern in this instance is addressed. For it is the individual who possesses the will to act as a teacher or not. No Spiritual Assembly, no teaching committee, no group of well-intentioned Baha'is, however much it exerts itself, may usurp the position occupied by the individual in this fundamental activity. . . . Let the individual Baha'i renew his resolve to "arise and re-spond to the call of teaching." Let him, acting on Shoghi Effendi's advice, "survey the possibilities which the particular circumstances in which he lives offer him, evaluate their advantages, and pro-ceed intelligently and systematically to utilize them for the achieve-ment of the object he has in mind." Let him also strive to obtain adequate knowledge of the teachings and reflect the virtues of that knowledge in his daily life. Finally, let him waste no time, forfeit no further opportunity. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1984, to a National Spiritual Assembly It is now imperative for every Baha'i to set for himself individual teaching goals. The admonition of 'Abdu'l-Baha to lead at least one new soul to the Faith each year and the exhortation of Shoghi Effendi to hold a Baha'i fireside in one's home every Baha'i month are examples of individual goals. Many have capacities to do even more, but this alone will assure final and complete victory for the Plan. The Universal House of Justice, in Messages from The Universal House of Justice, p. 35 Counteracting Frustration of Slow Progress In sum, the friends have seldom been more visibly active, but growth is slow; you feel the community has for some time been on the threshold of a breakthrough which remains elusive. The de-generation of society, as manifested by the breakdown of moral standards and the alarming increase of violence, you feel is exerting 7.16 Teaching and Consolidation a debilitating effect on the individual believer. You yearn for a way to free the teaching potential which to a large extent is locked up in the individual in the face of these dreadful circumstances. We feel that an over-anxiousness on your part about a break-through and an undue worry over the state of society can be counter-productive. While there are opportunities for greater growth than is occurring, neither your Assembly nor the friends must burden them-selves with feelings of failure at every disappointment, for such feelings are self-fulfilling and can easily cause stagnation in the expansion of the Cause. The tendency toward frustration, some-times induced by a desire for instant gratification, must be resisted by an effort to gain deeper appreciation of the divine process. In exhorting the individual concerning the spiritual obligation resting upon him "to make of the mandate of teaching, so vitally binding upon all, the all-pervading concern of his life," Shoghi Effendi said that "every bearer of the Message of Baha'u'llah should consider it not only an obligation but a privilege to scatter far and wide the seeds of His Faith, and to rest content in the abiding knowledge that whatever be the immediate response to that Message, and however inadequate the vehicle that conveyed it, the power of its Author will, as He sees fit, enable those seeds to germinate, and in circumstances which no one can foresee enrich the harvest which the labor of His followers will gather." You may rest assured that your particularly blessed community will not be denied a trium-phant expansion if its members remain constant and confident in their teaching activities. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 19, 1994, to a National Spiritual Assembly Why Individuals Do Not Teach--What the Assembly Can Do The corner-stone of the foundation of all Baha'i activity is teach-ing the Cause. As 'Abdu'l-Baha has categorically proclaimed in His Will and Testament, "the guidance of the nations and peoples of the world is the most important of all things," and "Of all the gifts of God the greatest is the gift of Teaching." The friends likewise are in varying degrees aware of the re-peated exhortations found in the writings of our Faith that divine confirmations are dependent upon the active pursuit of the teach-ing work. In the words of the beloved Master, "the unseen divine assistance encompasseth those who deliver the Message." He fur-ther states, ". . . if the work of delivering the Message be ne-glected, the assistance shall be entirely cut off, for it is impossible 7.17 Why Individuals Do Not Teach--What the Assembly Can Do that the friends of God could receive assistance unless they be engaged in delivering the Message." While the friends are generally conscious of the vital impor-tance of teaching, yet, because of their frailties, many for the most part lack confidence, and feel they do not know what course of action to follow, or how to bring their efforts to a conclusion. Since guidance on such fundamental issues comes from the writings of the Faith, we asked the Research Department to prepare a compi-lation of texts on the subject. . . . A study of the compilation will provide the friends with stimu-lating information on general guidelines to be followed by them when engaged in the teaching work. While many will be inspired, after reading the compilation, to cast aside their fears and misgiv-ings and their sense of inadequacy, and will arise to speak forth announcing the glad-tidings of the Kingdom to their fellow-men, many more will still be in need of loving education and more de-tailed guidance on the part of the institutions of the Faith, and patient and wise prodding before they are aroused to action. And since the primary purpose for which Local Spiritual Assemblies are established is to promote the teaching work, it is clear that every National Spiritual Assembly must give careful consideration to ways and means to encourage each Local Assembly under its jurisdiction to fulfill its principal obligation. For instance, Local Assemblies could be urged to organize special meetings when texts, such as those included in this compilation, would be studied. Furthermore, it is important that Local Assemblies share with the local friends stories of successes achieved by some of them, descriptions of effective presentations found useful by them, examples of various ways that a Baha'i subject could be introduced to inquirers, or illustrations of methods which would enable the believer to relate the needs of society to our teachings. Such information and suggestions could be offered to the friends at Nineteen Day Feasts, through a local newsletter, or by any other means open to each Local Assembly. In all these contacts with the believers, each Local Spiritual Assembly should impress upon the friends the unique and irreplaceable role the individual plays in the prosecution of any Baha'i undertaking. Quotations from the writings on this point, such as the following passage from one of the letters of Shoghi Effendi, should be repeat-edly presented and explained to the friends: "He (the individual believer) it is who constitutes the warp and woof on which the quality and pattern of the whole fabric must depend. He it is who 7.18 Teaching and Consolidation acts as one of the countless links in the mighty chain that now girdles the globe. He it is who serves as one of the multitude of bricks which support the structure and insure the stability of the administrative edifice now being raised in every part of the world. Without his support, at once whole-hearted, continuous and gen-erous, every measure adopted, and every plan formulated, by the body which acts as the national representative of the community to which he belongs, is foredoomed to failure. The World Center of the Faith itself is paralyzed if such a support on the part of the rank and file of the community is denied it. The Author of the Divine Plan Himself is impeded in His purpose if the proper instruments for the execution of His design are lacking. The sustaining strength of Baha'-u'llah Himself, the Founder of the Faith, will be withheld from every and each individual who fails in the long run to arise and play his part." When the friends realize that the hosts of the Kingdom are waiting to rush forth and assist them, that others from their own ranks have arisen and have been successful, that everyone can find some effective method of teaching according to his own par-ticular capacities and talents, they will then no doubt arise with greater confidence to take the first step, and this, we know, will be aided and guided from on high, for the very act of striving to re-spond to God's call will bring in its wake countless divine bless-ings. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 3, 1977, portions of which can be found in the preface to The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, pp. vii- viii TEACHING AND THE LOCAL COMMUNITY As we have said in an earlier message, the flourishing of the community, especially at the local level, demands a signifi-cant enhancement in patterns of behavior: those patterns by which the collective expression of the virtues of the individual member and the functioning of the Spiritual Assembly are manifest in the unity and fellowship of the community and the dynamism of its activity and growth. This calls for the integration of the component elements--adults, youth and children--in spiritual, social, educa-tional and administrative activities; and their engagement in local plans of teaching and development. It implies a collective will and sense of purpose to perpetuate the Spiritual Assembly through an-nual election. It involves the practice of collective worship of God. Hence, it is essential to the spiritual life of the community that the 7.19 The Family and Teaching friends hold regular devotional meetings in local Baha'i centers, where available, or elsewhere, including the homes of believers. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1996, to the Baha'is of the World But it is in the local Baha'i communities that the most wide- spread presentation of the Faith can take place. . . . It is here that the power of Baha'u'llah to organize human affairs on a basis of spiritual unity can be most apparent. Every Local Spiritual Assem-bly which unitedly strives to grow in maturity and efficiency and encourages its community to fulfill its destiny as a foundation stone of Baha'u'llah's World Order can add to a growing groundswell of interest in and eventual recognition of the Cause of God as the sole hope for mankind. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1985, to the Baha'is of the World All the Baha'is, new and old alike, should devote themselves as much as possible to teaching the Faith; they should also real-ize that the atmosphere of true love and unity which they manifest within the Baha'i Community will directly affect the public, and be the greatest magnet for attracting people to the Faith and confirm-ing them. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 27 Unless and until the believers really come to realize they are one spiritual family, knit together by a bond more lasting than mere physical ties can ever be, they will not be able to create that warm community atmosphere which alone can attract the hearts of humanity, frozen for lack of real love and feeling. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call . pp. 25-26 (See also Chapter 8, Section entitled "Characteristics of a Baha'i Society") The Family and Teaching If the believer is the only one of his family who has embraced the Faith, it is his duty to endeavor to lead as many other family members as possible to the light of divine guidance. As soon as a Baha'i family unit emerges, the members should feel responsible for making the collective life of the family a spiritual reality, ani-mated by divine love and inspired by the ennobling principles of the Faith. To achieve this purpose, the reading of the Sacred Writings 7.20 Teaching and Consolidation and prayers should ideally become a daily family activity. As far as the teaching work is concerned, just as individuals are called upon to adopt teaching goals, the family itself could adopt its own goals. In this way the friends could make of their families strong healthy units, bright candles for the diffusion of the light of the King-dom, and powerful centers to attract the heavenly confirmations. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated April 17, 1981, to all National Spiritual Assemblies I beseech God to graciously make of thy home a center for the diffusion of the light of divine guidance, for the dissemination of the Words of God and for enkindling at all times the fire of love in the hearts of His faithful servants and maidservants. Know thou of a certainty that every house wherein the anthem of praise is raised to the Realm of Glory in celebration of the Name of God is indeed a heavenly home, and one of the gardens of delight in the Paradise of God. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Baha'i Marriage and Family Life, pp. 67-68 Youth and Teaching This generation of Baha'i youth enjoys a unique distinction. You will live your lives in a period when the forces of history are moving to a climax, when mankind will see the establishment of the Lesser Peace, and during which the Cause of God will play an increasingly prominent role in the reconstruction of human society. It is you who will be called upon in the years to come to stand at the helm of the Cause in the face of conditions and developments which can, as yet, scarcely be imagined. . . . Now is an opportunity to awaken the interest, set afire the hearts and enlist the active support of young people of every na-tion, class and creed in that continent. The key to success in this endeavor is, firstly, to deepen your understanding of the Teachings of the Cause so that you will be able to apply them to the problems of individuals and society, and explain them to your peers in ways that they will understand and welcome; secondly, to strive to model your behavior in every way after the high standards of honesty, trustworthiness, courage, loyalty, forbearance, purity and spiritual-ity set forth in the Teachings; and, above all, to live in continual awareness of the presence and all-conquering power of Baha'u'llah, which will enable you to overcome every temptation and surmount every obstacle. The Universal House of Justice, in Unrestrained as the Wind: A Life Dedicated to Baha'u'llah, p. 85 7.21 Baha'i Youth Service Corps Consistent with these observations were the outstanding contributions of the youth to expansion and consolidation. Their activities took on added dimensions during the three-year period. Actuated by youth conferences and other gatherings attentive to their interests, youth throughout the world invested immense amounts of time, energy and zeal in the teaching work as traveling teachers within and outside their countries and as teams in collective teaching projects and, in so doing, they stimulated hundreds of new enrollments and the formation of many Local Spiritual Assemblies; involvement of youth in music and the arts as a means of proclaiming and teaching the Cause distinguished their exertions in many places; the spread of dance and drama workshops was particularly effective; participation of youth in external affairs opened new possibilities for the Faith in this field; commitment to a year of service was more widely demonstrated; at the same time there was a notable increase in the number of youth acquiring formal training and achieving academic, professional and vocational excellence-- an indication that the youth are doing more in direct service to the Faith while at the same time contributing to the general development of society. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1996, to the Baha'is of the World Baha'i Youth Service Corps Further to these aspirations is the need for a mighty mobilization of teaching activities reflecting regularity in the patterns of service rendered by young Baha'is. The native urge of youth to move from place to place, combined with their abounding zeal, indicates that you can become more deliberately and numerously involved in these activities as traveling teachers. One pattern of this mobilization could be short-term projects, carried out at home or in other lands, dedicated to both teaching the Faith and improving the living conditions of people. Another could be that, while still young and unburdened by family responsibilities, you give attention to the idea of volunteering a set period, say, one or two years, to some Baha'i service, on the home front or abroad, in the teaching or development field. It would accrue to the strength and stability of the community if such patterns could be followed by succeeding generations of youth. Regardless of the modes of service, however, youth must be understood to be fully engaged, at all times, in all climes and under all conditions. In your varied pursuits you may rest assured of the loving support and guidance of the Baha'i institutions operating at every level. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated January 3, 1984, to the Baha'i Youth of the World, in Lights of Guidance, par. 2149 7.22 Teaching and Consolidation Baha'i youth should be encouraged to think of their studies and of their training for a trade or profession as part of their service to the Cause of God and in the context of a lifetime that will be devoted to advancing the interests of the Faith. At the same time, during their years of study, youth are often able to offer specific periods of weeks or months, or even of a year or more, during which they can devote themselves to travel teaching or to serving the Baha'i community in other ways, such as conducting children's classes in remote villages. They should be encouraged to offer such service, which will in itself be admirable experience for the future. . . . Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Naw-Ruz, 1974, to all National Spiritual Assemblies, in Lights of Guidance, 1994 ed., par. 2137 Creating a Teaching Plan The adoption of a local plan by the Local Assembly can exert a far-reaching influence on its work and on the life of the community. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 24, 1975, to a National Spiritual Assembly The periodic re-evaluation of the effectiveness of the teaching work is an essential factor in promoting the growth of every community. Through this process a community would reassess its teaching program with a view to introducing improvements where necessary. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated July 30, 1987, to a National Spiritual Assembly We long to see every Local Spiritual Assembly either spontaneously adopt its own goals or warmly welcome those it has been or will be given by its National Spiritual Assembly, swell the number of adherents who compose its local community and, guided by the general policy outlined by its National Spiritual Assembly, proclaim the Faith more effectively, energetically pursue its extension teaching and consolidation goals, arrange the observances of the Holy Days, regularly hold its Nineteen Day Feasts and its sessions for deepening, initiate and maintain community projects, and encourage the participation of every member of its community in giving to the Fund and undertaking teaching activities and administrative services, so as to make each locality a stronghold of the Faith and a torch-bearer of the Covenant. . . . Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 25, 1975, to all National Spiritual Assemblies 7.23 Suggested Goals for Local Spiritual Assemblies Suggested Goals for Local Spiritual Assemblies In a letter addressed to a National Spiritual Assembly, the Universal House of Justice gives examples of local goals that Local Spiritual Assemblies may wish to consider: Any plan must have a term and specific goals, expressed preferably and if possible in numbers. For a Local Spiritual Assembly it would be better, at least in the early stages of its development, to have a term of nine months to a year. Of course it is also quite possible to have a series of plans of very short terms of say two to three months each, throughout the year. The examples of local goals listed below are in the form of questions which each Assembly could put to itself, or may be directed to it by the National Spiritual Assembly. The questions are meant to lead to the adoption of a specific goal. An explanatory note follows items which may need clarification or comment. A. Teaching 1. How many new believers? (The Plan calls for a "great increase in the number of believers" and confirming individuals "from every stratum of society." The ideal is for each local community to double itself every year, since every believer should, in accordance with the wish of the Master, guide one soul to the Cause of God every year. In some areas this may be an ambitious project at the beginning, and at the outset a more modest goal could be adopted.) 2. How many firesides? (Shoghi Effendi urged the friends to hold one fireside every nineteen days in their homes. The friends willing to respond to this wish, could give their names to the Local Assembly.) 3. Can a pledge be made to have extension teaching activities outside the local area of jurisdiction? (Obviously only strong Local Assemblies can sustain such a goal.) B. Proclamation 4. Are mass media facilities such as radio, television, and the press available to the Local Assembly? Can a goal be adopted for such activities? 5. Can public meetings be anticipated? If so, how many? 6. What methods can be adopted for the dissemination of 7.24 Teaching and Consolidation Baha'i literature, such as distribution of books to local libraries, etc.? Can this goal be expressed in a challenging form? 7. Can the local community participate in the social and humanitarian activities of the society of which it forms a part? Could a modest step be taken along this line? C. Consolidation 8. Can the attendance of the friends at Nineteen Day Feasts be improved upon? What about the Anniversaries? Can the increase in attendance be expressed numerically, such as in terms of the percentage of those attending? 9. Can regular meetings for the benefit of the local friends be held? If so, how often and when? . . . 'Abdu'l-Baha exhorts the friends to hold such meetings as a "constant" activity, and praises weekly meetings. He repeatedly counsels the believers to read and recite the Holy Word in such meetings and deliver speeches on the teachings, the proofs and the history of the Faith. 10. Can daily early morning prayer sessions be held? If so, where and when? (If this is not feasible every day, an effort could be made to hold such sessions less frequently. At such devotional meetings not only prayers, but suitable selections from the Sacred Writings could be read. Baha'u'llah has pointed out that upon the Word of God "must depend the gathering together and spiritual resurrection of all men," that "every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God is endowed with such potency as can instill new life into every human frame," and that were man to "taste the sweetness of the words which the lips of the All-Merciful have willed to utter, he would, though the treasures of the earth be in his possession, renounce them one and all, that he might vindicate the truth of even one of His commandments." It is because of such considerations that the Five Year Plan calls for the friends to memorize selections from the Writings. If a believer finds it difficult to memorize, he may be encouraged to make for his own use a selection of extracts, however brief, which he could reread and enjoy at his own leisure, to satisfy his inner soul.) 7.25 Numerical Enrollment Goals 11. Can youth activities be encouraged? If so, in what way? 12. Can activities and classes for children be established? If so, could a specific goal be adopted? 13. Can youth activities be maintained? Could this be expressed in the form of a goal? 14. Is the community strong enough to establish a local Haziratu'l-Quds? 15. Can a local endowment be acquired and maintained, and possibly used as an investment for the community? 16. How can local contributions to the local Fund be encouraged? Can a target be adopted? 17. Can the local community serve as host to a district conference of neighboring communities and localities? 18. Can the Local Assembly issue a regular Newsletter? When the goals are finally decided upon, it is important that they should be announced to the friends. It should be borne in mind that Shoghi Effendi longed to see every believer involved in Baha'i service, so that universal participation may be achieved. It would be most effective if the Local Assembly, prior to such an announcement, would appoint local committees, to each of which a branch of activity or one or more of the local goals could be assigned. Such committees need not consist of many members. When the committee appointments are made, the Local Assembly will be fully prepared to announce its goals and its committee appointments to the community at a Nineteen Day Feast or a specially called meeting of the community. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 24, 1975, to a National Spiritual Assembly Numerical Enrollment Goals The House of Justice, as you know, does not consider it wise for the Baha'i institutions to set numerical goals with regard to new believers, because significant factors, such as the receptivity of individuals and the prevailing conditions in society, which influence enrollments are beyond the control of the Baha'i community. However, the aim of every Baha'i community should be a large increase in the number of adherents to the Cause. It is for this reason that the teaching work is a major concern of every Spiritual Assembly. The believers are, of course, free to adopt individual 7.26 Teaching and Consolidation numerical goals and endeavor to fulfill the tasks they have assigned to themselves. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated July 30, 1987, to a National Spiritual Assembly Extension Teaching The time has come, we believe, when increasing numbers of Local Spiritual Assemblies should assume responsibility for helping the teaching work of groups, isolated believers, and other Spiritual Assemblies in their neighborhood. Such extension teaching goals should be assigned by the National Spiritual Assembly or one of its teaching committees, or can be spontaneously adopted by Local Spiritual Assemblies, and should be carried out within the framework of the overall teaching plans of the country. It should also be made clear that by being given such goals a Spiritual Assembly is not being given any jurisdiction over believers outside its area, still less over other Local Spiritual Assemblies, but is being called upon to collaborate with them in their work. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Naw-Ruz, 1974, to all National Spiritual Assemblies Need for Systematic Efforts Armed with the strength of action and the cooperation of the individual believers composing it, the community as a whole should endeavor to establish greater stability in the patterns of its development, locally and nationally, through sound, systematic planning and execution of its work--and this in striking contrast to the short-lived enthusiasms and frenetic superficialities so characteristic of present-day American life. A Baha'i community which is consistent in its fundamental life-giving, life sustaining activities will at its heart be serene and confident; it will resonate with spiritual dynamism, will exert irresistible influence, will set a new course in social evolution, enabling it to win the respect and eventually the allegiance of admirers and critics alike. These profound possibilities reside in the will of the individual to take initiative, to act in accordance with the guidance offered by Baha'i institutions, and to maintain such action regardless of the myriad distractions posed by the disintegration of a society adrift in a sea of materialism. May you with renewed determination and a rededication to spiritual values, seize your chance, while there is yet time, to convey the Message of Baha'u'llah thoughtfully, patiently and attractively to your fellow-citizens, whether they be dwellers in the cities or rural areas, whether they be high or low, lettered or unlettered, rich or poor. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1984, to a National Spiritual Assembly 7.27 The Entry of Large Numbers TEACHING THE MASSES/LARGE SCALE GROWTH When the masses of mankind are awakened and enter the Faith of God, a new process is set in motion and the growth of a new civilization begins. Witness the emergence of Christianity and of Islam. These masses are the rank and file, steeped in traditions of their own, but receptive to the new Word of God, by which, when they truly respond to it, they become so influenced as to transform those who come in contact with them. The Process of Teaching the Masses God's standards are different from those of men. According to men's standards, the acceptance of any cause by people of distinction, of recognized fame and status, determines the value and greatness of that cause. But, in the words of Baha'u'llah: "The summons and Message which We gave were never intended to reach or to benefit one land or one people only. Mankind in its entirety must firmly adhere to whatsoever has been revealed and vouchsafed unto it." Or again, "He has endowed every soul with the capacity to recognize the signs of God. How could He, otherwise, have fulfilled His testimony unto men, if ye be of them that ponder His Cause in their hearts." In countries where teaching the masses has succeeded, the Baha'is have poured out their time and effort in village areas to the same extent as they had formerly done in cities and towns. The results indicate how unwise it is to solely concentrate on one section of the population. Each national assembly therefore should so balance its resources and harmonize its efforts that the Faith of God is taught not only to those who are readily accessible but to all sections of society, however remote they may be. The Universal House of Justice, in Wellspring of Guidance, p. 31 It has been due to the splendid victories in large-scale conversion that the Faith of Baha'u'llah has entered a new phase in its development and establishment throughout the world. It is imperative, therefore, that the process of teaching the masses be not only maintained but accelerated. The Universal House of Justice, in A Special Measure of Love, pp. 29-30 Entry by Troops The Entry of Large Numbers A massive expansion of the Baha'i community must be achieved far beyond all past records. The task of spreading the Message to the generality of mankind in villages, towns and cities must be rapidly extended. The need for this is critical, for without it the laboriously erected agencies of the Administrative Order will not be provided the scope to be able to develop and adequately demonstrate their inherent capacity to minister to the crying needs of 7.28 Teaching and Consolidation humanity in its hour of deepening despair. In this regard the mutuality of teaching and administration must be fully understood and widely emphasized, for each reinforces the other. The problems of society which affect our community and those problems which naturally arise from within the community itself, whether social, spiritual, economic or administrative, will be solved as our numbers and resources multiply, and as at all levels of the community the friends develop the ability, willingness, courage and determination to obey the laws, apply the principles and administer the affairs of the Faith in accordance with divine precepts. From the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan 1993, to the Baha'is of the World Entry by troops is not merely a stage of the progress of the Cause destined to occur in its own good time, dependent on the receptivity of the population as a whole--it is a phenomenon which the Baha'i communities, by their own activities, can prepare for and help to bring about. It is also a process which, once started, can be sustained. By a wise allocation of resources and the energetic pursuit of simultaneous plans of expansion, deepening and consolidation, the process of entry by troops should bring about a rapidly increasing supply of active believers, soundly based local communities, and steadily evolving local and national Baha'i institutions. From the Universal House of Justice, dated November 9, 1993, to all National Spiritual Assemblies As for the institutions, entry by troops will act upon them as much as they will act upon it. The evolution of local and national Baha'i Assemblies at this time calls for a new state of mind on the part of their members as well as on the part of those who elect them, for the Baha'i community is engaged in an immense historical processs that is entering a critical stage. Baha'u'llah has given to the world institutions to operate in an Order designed to canalize the forces of a new civilization. Progress towards that glorious realization requires a great and continuous expansion of the Baha'i community, so that adequate scope is provided for the maturation of these institutions. This is a matter of immediate importance to Baha'u'llah's avowed supporters in all lands. Message from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1996, to the Baha'is of the World The Faith advances, not at a uniform rate of growth, but in vast surges, precipitated by the alternation of crises and victory. In a passage written on 18 July 1953, in the early months of the Ten 7.29 The Importance of Consolidation Year Crusade [1953-1963], Shoghi Effendi, referring to the vital need to ensure through the teaching work a "steady flow" of "fresh recruits to the slowly yet steadily advancing army of the Lord of Hosts," stated that this flow would "presage and hasten the advent of the day which, as prophesied by 'Abdu'l-Baha, will witness the entry by troops of peoples of divers nations and races into the Baha'i world." This day the Baha'i world has already seen in Africa, the Pacific, in Asia and in Latin America, and this process of entry by troops must, in the present plan, be augmented and spread to other countries for, as the Guardian stated in this same letter, it "will be the prelude to that long-awaited hour when a mass conversion on the part of these same nations and races, and as a direct result of a chain of events, momentous and possibly catastrophic in nature, and which cannot as yet be even dimly visualized, will suddenly revolutionize the fortunes of the Faith, derange the equilibrium of the world, and reinforce a thousandfold the numerical strength as well as the material power and the spiritual authority of the Faith of Baha'u'llah." This is the time for which we must now prepare ourselves; this is the hour whose coming it is our task to hasten. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated August 31, 1987, to the Baha'is of the World Increased Reception to Message Paradoxical as it may seem, the prospects towards the breakthrough you anticipate in the teaching field are conspicuous in the current, distressing state of society. You must realize that the worse conditions become, the more plentiful are the opportunities to teach the Cause, the greater the degree of receptivity to the Divine Message. Baha'u'llah certainly gave ample foreknowledge about the radical, worldwide disturbance which His Revelation is creating as a part of the transition towards the unity and peace that are the ultimate goal of His Faith. Your awareness of this inevitable transition should enable your members to detach themselves from the debilitating emotions aroused by the turmoil which characterizes this process and to equip your Assembly as the highest governing body of the Baha'i community in the United States to demonstrate to the fiends a confident outlook, which the persistence and vigor of their teaching activities will fully justify. From the Universal House of Justice, dated May 19, 1994, to a National Spiritual Assembly The Importance of Consolidation There are now many areas in the world where thousands of people have accepted the Faith so quickly that it has been beyond 7.30 Teaching and Consolidation the capacity of the existing Baha'i communities to consolidate adequately these advances. The people of these areas must be progressively deepened in their understanding of the Faith, in accordance with well-laid plans, so that their communities may, as soon as possible, become sources of great strength to the work of the Faith and begin to manifest the pattern of Baha'i life. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 25, 1975, to all National Spiritual Assemblies, in an unpublished compilation prepared by the International Teaching Center To pursue it [teaching] alone without consolidation would leave the community unprepared to receive the masses who must sooner or later respond to the life-giving message of the Cause. The Universal House of Justice, in Wellspring of Guidance, p. 77 In such countries [where there is entry by troops] it is comparatively easy to bring large numbers of new believers into the Faith, and this is such a thrilling experience that visiting teachers often tend to prefer to do this rather than help with the consolidation work. . . . It should be pointed out that, especially if they [teachers] are assigned to expansion work, they must remember that consolidation is an essential and inseparable element of teaching, and if they go to a remote area and enroll believers whom no one is going to be able to visit again in the near future, they may well be doing a disservice to those people and to the Faith. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated April 16, 1981, to all Continental Pioneer Committees (See also in this Chapter, Section entitled "Proclamation") The Importance of Indigenous Believers Great as are the services rendered by pioneers, and unforgettable as are the deeds they accomplish, they cannot take the places of the indigenous element which must constitute the bedrock of the Community, carry on its own affairs, build its own institutions, support its own funds, publish its own literature, etc. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in A Special Measure of Love, pp. 17-18 From among the believers native to each country, competent traveling teachers must be selected and teaching projects worked out. In the words of our beloved Guardian, commenting upon the teaching work in Latin America: "Strong and sustained support should be given to the vitally needed and meritorious activities started by the native . . . traveling teachers, . . . who, as the mighty task progresses, must increasingly bear the brunt of responsibility for the propagation of the Faith in their homelands." Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated February 2, 1966, to all National Spiritual Assemblies 7.31 Experiments in Teaching Experiments in Teaching At this stage in the development of the Faith there are many new experiments taking place in the teaching field and also in the work of consolidation. It is obvious that not all these experiments will meet with success. Many have great merit while others may have little or none. However, in the present period of transition and rapid growth of the Cause we must seek diligently for the merit of every method devised to teach and deepen the masses. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated March 22, 1973, to an individual believer, in an unpublished compilation prepared by the International Teaching Center It is understandable that you feel concern about methods of teaching which apply pressure to people to declare their Faith in Baha'u'llah, or which register as believers those who apparently have no real knowledge of the Faith or its Message. . . . The teaching of the Cause has always called for wisdom, devotion, enthusiasm, purity of intention and eloquence of speech. Like other human beings, Baha'is tend to go to extremes, and too few people bring the proper balance to the way they act. This is particularly true in the teaching of the Faith. At one extreme are those who are so on fire with the love for the Faith and with awareness of the desperate need of the people for its healing Message, that they overstep the bounds of wisdom and discretion and stray into the area of proselytizing. At the other extreme are those who are so gentle in their approach and so concerned never to arouse an adverse reaction that they fail to convey the enormous importance of the Cause or to convince their hearers; for if the messenger is not enthusiastic, how can he convey enthusiasm to others? The first extreme leads to misrepresentation of the Teachings and causes disillusionment; the second results in the stagnation of the community and its failure to fulfill its fundamental duty of conveying this life-giving Message to the world. In this, as in all aspects of the work of the Cause, the solution lies in the friends' being patient and forbearing towards those whose shortcomings distress them, and in endeavoring, through the Assemblies' consultation, to draw closer to a proper balance while maintaining the momentum of the work and canalizing the enthusiasm of the believers. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated June 30, 1993, to an individual believer Your concern about consolidation and "mass teaching" is noted. The concept of mass teaching may be better understood if put in the context of "teaching the masses." This implies reaching every 7.32 Teaching and Consolidation level of society in every continent and island in the world. In developing countries large segments of the population have become Baha'is, usually among the less educated. More recently, particularly in Asia, we see that the youth in high schools and colleges have been attracted to the Faith in large numbers. This does not mean, however, that there is any particular system of teaching which individual Baha'is should pursue. Different cultures and types of people require different methods of approach. While taking the fullest advantage of a workable method in one area, the friends should be open to other methods and not blindly insist upon doing the same thing everywhere. If such flexibility is understood, the . . . community will surely grow in numbers and strength. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated August 11, 1988, to an individual believer Different Methods of Approach We note that the new teaching methods you have developed, in reaching the waiting masses, have substantially influenced the winning of your goals, and we urge the American Baha'is, one and all, newly enrolled and believers of long standing, to arise, put their reliance in Baha'u'llah and armed with that supreme power, continue unabated their efforts to reach the waiting souls, while simultaneously consolidating the hard-won victories. New methods inevitably bring with them criticism and challenges no matter how successful they may ultimately prove to be. The influx of so many new believers is, in itself, a call to the veteran believers to join the ranks of those in this field of service and to give wholeheartedly of their knowledge and experience. Far from standing aloof, the American believers are called upon now, as never before, to grasp this golden opportunity which has been presented to them, to consult together prayerfully and widen the scope of their endeavors. The Universal House of Justice, in Messages From the Universal House of Justice, pp. 85-86 Balance Between Local and National Projects We . . . ask you to encourage the Counselors to try to strike a balance between locally-sponsored teaching activities and nationally-directed projects which should be carried out by the National Spiritual Assembly and its committees within the limits of the manpower and the financial resources at their disposal and at a speed which would enable the consolidation to be effective. . . . The concentration of all teaching efforts in Local Spiritual Assemblies . . . is neither practical nor wise. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 13, 1975, to the International Teaching Center, in an unpublished compilation 7.33 Guarding Against Extremes Individual believers are called upon to deliver the Message and engage in individual teaching activity. However, teaching activities organized by the National Spiritual Assembly are entirely within their direction and will be conducted at their own discretion as circumstances indicate. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 13, 1971, to an individual believer, in an unpublished compilation prepared by the International Teaching Center It is the hope of the Universal House of Justice that the excellent plans adopted will be implemented, however difficult and challenging the tasks may be. These nationally directed projects, however, should be supported by locally sponsored teaching activities carried out by Local Spiritual Assemblies. By combining the two levels of Baha'i activity, and by seeking the collaboration of the Counselors in providing the guidance and stimulation of the Auxiliary Board members and their assistants at the local level, excellent results will be obtained and your high aspirations in the expansion and consolidation work will be fully realized. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 7, 1975, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in an unpublished compilation prepared by the International Teaching Center Guarding Against Extremes The National Spiritual Assembly or the Teaching Committees responsible for the selection of these teachers should bear in mind that their choice must depend, not only on the knowledge or grasp of the teachings on the part of the teachers, but primarily upon their pure spirit and their true love for the Cause, and their capacity to convey that spirit and love to others. . . . What wonderful results will soon be witnessed in the areas under your jurisdiction if you devise ways and means to ensure, as far as circumstances permit, that the traveling teachers you are encouraging to circulate among the friends will all be . . . pure and sanctified souls, with nothing but true devotion and self- sacrifice motivating them in their services to God's Holy Cause. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 26, 1967, to National Spiritual Assemblies Engaged in Mass Teaching The National Spiritual Assembly, while having the responsibility for encouraging all the believers in their services, cannot require all the friends to adopt the same methods. It must, however, guard against the extremes which some may go to in their enthusiasm and which could, in the long run, damage the Cause. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated October 5, 1980, to an individual believer 7.34 Teaching and Consolidation In the course of carrying out such a tremendous spiritual campaign among the masses, disappointments may well be encountered. We tabulate a few instances that have been brought to our notice: a) Visiting pioneers or teachers may find, in some places, newly enrolled believers not so enthusiastic about their religion as expected, or not adjusting to standards of Baha'i life, or they may find them thinking of material benefits they hope to derive from their new membership. We should always remember that the process of nursing the new believer into full spiritual maturity is slow, and needs loving education and patience. b) Some teaching committees, in their eagerness to obtain results, place undue emphasis on obtaining a great number of declarations to the detriment of the quality of teaching. c) Some traveling teachers, in their desire to show the results of the services, may not scrupulously teach their contacts, and in some rare cases, if, God forbid, they are insincere, may even give false reports. Such irregularities have happened and can be repeated, but must not be a source of discouragement. By sending a team of teachers to an area, or by sending at intervals other teachers to those areas, and through correspondence and reports, such situations can be detected and immediately adjusted. The administration of the Faith must at all times keep in close touch with the teaching work. The Universal House of Justice, in Wellspring of Guidance, pp. 35-36 ENROLLMENT AND SYSTEMATIC FOLLOW-UP Conditions for Enrollment The prime motive should always be the response of man to God's Message, and the recognition of His Messenger. Those who declare themselves as Baha'is should become enchanted with the beauty of the teachings, and touched by the love of Baha'u'llah. The declarants need not know all the proofs, history, laws, and principles of the Faith, but in the process of declaring themselves they must, in addition to catching the spark of faith, become basically informed about the Central Figures of the Faith, as well as the existence of laws they must follow and an administration they must obey. The Universal House of Justice, in Wellspring of Guidance, p. 32 7.35 Conditions for Enrollment It is reassuring to know that the basic objective of teaching is to promote the Cause of God--not merely to increase numbers for numbers' sake. However, care should be exercised in applying this principle lest we become so rigid as to exclude from our rolls those waiting souls who have been touched by the spirit of the Faith without being very knowledgeable about all the Teachings. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated November 23, 1975, to a National Spiritual Assembly, in Lights of Guidance, par. 2026 As you are aware, the beloved Guardian encouraged early enrollment of new believers upon their declarations, and not the creation of obstacles to their acceptance. After declaration, follow-up with deepening is imperative, and it may be that some will fall away. However, those who remain are the true fruits of the teaching endeavor and may include persons of great merit who might have been lost to the Cause through arbitrary early judgments. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated November 18, 1980 Regarding the practice of urging contacts to sign enrollment cards without, as you say, giving them time to consider the step they are taking, we should bear in mind that the signature on a card, in the sense that it represents the record of the date of the declaration of faith and data about the declarant, is to satisfy administrative requirements enabling the enrollment of the new believer in the community. The deeper implications of the declaration of faith are between the individual and God. The House of Justice requests us to share the following excerpts from letters written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi which bear on this subject. "The process of becoming a Baha'i is necessarily slow and gradual. The essential is not that the beginner should have a full and detailed knowledge of the Cause, a thing which is obviously impossible in the vast majority of cases, but that he should, by an act of his own will, be willing to uphold and follow the truth and guidance set forth in the Teachings, and thus open his heart and mind to the reality of the manifestation." ". . . The friends should be very careful not to place hindrances in the way of those who wish to accept the Faith. If we make the requirements too rigorous, we will cool off the initial enthusiasm, rebuff the hearts and cease to expand rapidly. The essential thing is that the candidate for enrollment should believe in his heart in the truth of Baha'u'llah. Whether he is literate or illiterate, informed of 7.36 Teaching and Consolidation all the Teachings or not, is beside the point entirely. When the spark of faith exists the essential Message is there, and gradually everything else can be added unto it." Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated May 5, 1982, to an individual believer /// (See also Chapter 6, Sections entitled "Declaration and Enrollment of New Believers" and "Special Enrollment Procedures") Follow-Up with New Believers The purpose of teaching is not complete when a person declares that he has accepted Baha'u'llah as the Manifestation of God for this age; the purpose of teaching is to attract human beings to the divine Message and so imbue them with its spirit that they will dedicate themselves to its service, and this world will become another world and its people another people. Viewed in this light a declaration of faith is merely a milestone along the way--albeit a very important one. Teaching may also be likened to kindling a fire, the fire of faith, in the hearts of men. If a fire burns only so long as the match is held to it, it cannot be truly said to have been kindled; to be kindled it must continue to burn of its own accord. Thereafter more fuel can be added and the flame fanned, but even if left alone for a period, a truly kindled fire will not be extinguished by the first breath of wind. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated May 25, 1975, to all National Spiritual Assemblies, in an unpublished compilation prepared by the International Teaching Center Above all, the utmost endeavor should be exerted by your Assembly to familiarize the newly enrolled believers with the fundamental and spiritual verities of the Faith, and with the origins, the aims and purposes, as well as the processes of a divinely appointed Administrative Order, to acquaint them more fully with the history of the Faith, to instill in them a deeper understanding of the Covenants of both Baha'u'llah and of 'Abdu'l-Baha, to enrich their spiritual life, to rouse them to a greater effort and a closer participation in both the teaching of the Faith and the administration of its activities, and to inspire them to make the necessary sacrifices for the furtherance of its vital interests. For as the body of the avowed supporters of the Faith is enlarged, and the basis of the structure of its Administrative Order is broadened and the fame of the rising community spreads far and wide, a parallel progress must be achieved, if the fruits already garnered are to endure, in the spiritual quickening of its members and the deepening of their inner life. Shoghi Effendi, in The Importance of Deepening, pp. 26-27 7.37 Many Different Methods In the visits made to the villages, the visiting teacher meets with the Local Communities to give them basic Baha'i knowledge, such as living the Baha'i life, the importance of teaching, prayer, fasting, Nineteen Day Feasts, Baha'i elections, and contributions to the Fund. The question of contributions to the Fund is of utmost importance, so that the new believers may quickly feel themselves to be responsible members of the Community. The Universal House of Justice, in A Special Measure of Love, p. 28 After declaration, the new believers must not be left to their own devices. Through correspondence and dispatch of visitors, through conferences and training courses, these friends must be patiently strengthened and lovingly helped to develop into full Baha'i maturity. The beloved Guardian, referring to the duties of Baha'i assemblies in assisting the newly declared believer, has written: ". . . The members of each and every assembly should endeavor, by their patience, their love, their tact and wisdom, to nurse, subsequent to his admission, the newcomer into Baha'i maturity, and win him over gradually to the unreserved acceptance of whatever has been ordained in the teachings." The Universal House of Justice, in Wellspring of Guidance, pp. 32-33 /// (See also Chapter 11, Section entitled "What to Teach--to Adults") TEACHING METHODS Many Different Methods There are innumerable ways of teaching the Cause. You can choose the one that suits best your nature and capacity. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 22 There are, of course, many ways of teaching, and each believer should follow the methods to which he feels best suited. The important matter is not so much the method but the enthusiasm, effectiveness and devotion with which the teaching work is carried on. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 16, 1976, to the International Teaching Center, in an unpublished compilation prepared by the International Teaching Center In teaching the Cause, much depends on the personality of the teacher and on the method he chooses for presenting the message. Different personalities and different classes and types of individuals need different methods of approach. And it is the sign of an able teacher to know how to best adapt his methods to various types of people whom he happens to meet. There is no one method 7.38 Teaching and Consolidation one can follow all through. But there should be as many ways of approach as there are types of individual seekers. Flexibility and variety of method is, therefore, an essential prerequisite for the success of every teaching activity. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, pp. 21-22 The same presentation of the teachings will not appeal to everybody; the method of expression and the approach must be varied in accordance with the outlook and interests of the hearer. An approach that is designed to appeal to everybody will usually result in attracting the middle section, leaving both extremes untouched. No effort must be spared to ensure that the healing Word of God reaches the rich and poor, the learned and the illiterate, the old and the young, the devout and the atheist, the dweller in the remote hills and islands, the inhabitant of the teeming cities, the suburban businessman, the laborer in the slums, the nomadic tribesman, the farmer, the university student; all must be brought consciously within the teaching plans of the Baha'i Community. Whereas plans must be carefully made, and every useful means adopted in the furtherance of this work, your Assemblies must never let such plans eclipse the shining truth that it is the purity of heart, detachment, uprightness, devotion and love of the teacher that attracts the divine confirmations and enables him, however ignorant he be in this world's learning, to win the hearts of his fellow men to the Cause of God. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 31, 1967 Your deep concern about the relative inactivity of a large portion of the . . . Baha'i community in the teaching field is shared by your National Spiritual Assembly and is expressed in its correspondence and reports to the World Center. The House of Justice points out, however, that there are many different ways of teaching the Faith, and each believer is free to adopt the method he finds most effective. The National Spiritual Assembly, while having the responsibility for encouraging all the believers in their services, cannot require all the friends to adopt the same methods. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated October 5, 1980, to an individual believer Weaving Bonds of Fellowship The friends of God should weave bonds of fellowship with others and show absolute love and affection towards them. These links have a deep influence on people and they will listen. When 7.39 Door-to-Door Teaching the friends sense receptivity to the Word of God, they should deliver the Message with wisdom. They must first try and remove any apprehensions in the people they teach. In fact, every one of the believers should choose one person every year and try to establish ties of friendship with him, so that all his fear would disappear. Only then, and gradually, must he teach that person. This is the best method. 'Abdu'l-Baha, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 12 The Guardian feels that the most effective way for the Baha'is to teach the Faith is to make strong friends with their neighbors and associates. When the friends have confidence in the Baha'is and the Baha'is in their friends, they should give the Message and teach the Cause. Individual teaching of this type is more effective than any other type. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 33 Firesides The principle of the fireside meeting, which was established in order to permit and encourage the individual to teach in his own home, has been proven the most effective instrument for spreading the Faith. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 33 The most effective method of teaching is the Fireside group, where new people can be shown Baha'i hospitality, and ask all questions which bother them. They can feel there the true Baha'i spirit-- and it is the spirit that quickeneth. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 37 Door-to-Door Teaching We have considered the questions you put forward concerning door-to-door calling in connection with Baha'i activities. . . . The principles you should bear in mind are: 1. The dignity of the Faith. This should be carefully safeguarded in all Baha'i activities, and it is clear from the following quotation that the Guardian felt that door-to-door distribution of pamphlets was undignified: "He feels that to distribute Baha'i pamphlets from door-to-door . . . is undignified and might create a bad impression of the Faith. No doubt, it is the eagerness and devotion of the friends that led them to make this 7.40 Teaching and Consolidation proposal, but he does not think that the best interests of the Cause are served by such a method. . . ." 2. Baha'u'llah's injunction as recorded in The Hidden Words: "The wise are they that speak not unless they obtain a hearing." It is important that no teaching activity should be an encroachment on people's privacy nor should it force the teachings upon unwilling listeners. 3. Integrity and sincerity. If people are to be asked to answer a questionnaire* it should be for the reason that it is necessary for the sponsor to know the answers. Baha'is should not use such a method as a subterfuge to press the message upon people. *The proposed questionnaire was to ascertain the wishes of the public in a given area concerning religious education in schools. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated December 16, 1965, to a National Spiritual Assembly Other Methods One way every Baha'i can spread the Faith is by example. This moves the hearts of people far more deeply than words ever can. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 26 Let him also attempt to devise such methods as association with clubs, exhibitions, and societies, lectures on subjects akin to the teachings . . . or participation in social, cultural, humanitarian, charitable, and educational organizations and enterprises. . . . Shoghi Effendi, in The Individual and Teaching: Raising the Divine Call, p. 33 At this stage in the development of the Cause, it is essential that we seek diligently for the merit in every method devised to teach and deepen the masses. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated February 26, 1978 You state that your Local Spiritual Assembly has decided to stop the mass teaching effort for the time being, but you do not mention other types of teaching endeavors. While it is true that expansion and consolidation must go hand in hand, as you say, this does not necessarily mean that teaching activity is confined to mass teaching. You may wish to seek from your Assembly clarification of its decision and recommend that an intensive effort be made to carry out both teaching and consolidation activities. Regardless of the action which your Assembly takes, however, there is nothing 7.41 Close Collaboration with the Learned to keep you from pursuing your own teaching endeavors, both in attracting new seekers and confirming those who have already accepted Baha'u'llah, under the direction, of course, of your Local Assembly. Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, dated March 23, 1982, to an individual believer OTHER TOPICS The Arts and Teaching That day will the Cause spread like wildfire when its spirit and teachings are presented on the stage or in art and literature as a whole. Art can better awaken such noble sentiments than cold rationalizing, especially among the mass of the people. Written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated May, 1933, in Baha'i News #73, p. 7 In all their efforts to achieve the aim of the Four Year Plan, the friends are also asked to give greater attention to the use of the arts, not only for proclamation, but also for the work in expansion and consolidation. The graphic and performing arts and literature have played, and can play, a major role in extending the influence of the Cause. At the level of folk art, this possibility can be pursued in every part of the world, whether it be in villages, towns or cities. Shoghi Effendi held high hopes for the arts as a means for attracting attention to the Teachings. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated Ridvan, 1996, to the Baha'is of the World Make use of drama and singing in the teaching and deepening work and in Baha'i gatherings, where advisable. [Suggestion as one of a number of possible ways of achieving the objectives of the Six Year Plan (1986-1992)]. The Universal House of Justice, in The Six Year Plan, p. 10 Teaching and the Role of the Learned Close Collaboration with the Learned The Counselors, their Auxiliary Boards and their assistants on the one hand, and the National and the Local Spiritual Assemblies with their committees on the other, are all potent instruments for the teaching work. With full cooperation between them and in a spirit of unity in conducting their operations these institutions will be bountifully blessed and confirmed. The loving collaboration and dedication exemplified by these agencies and the spirit of unity they manifest in effectively reinforcing and directing the efforts of the friends will release abundant spiritual forces that will energize the body of the believers who are called upon to offer their highest service to the Faith which they have dedicated themselves to serve. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated July, 1977, to the Baha'is gathered at the Lagos, Nigeria Conference, quoted in a letter sent by the International Teaching Center 7.42 Teaching and Consolidation It is the responsibility of Spiritual Assemblies, assisted by their committees, to organize and direct the teaching work, and in doing so they must, naturally, also do all they can to stimulate and inspire the friends. It is, however, inevitable that the Assemblies and committees, being burdened with the administration of the teaching work as well as with all other aspects of Baha'i community life, will be unable to spend as much time as they would wish on stimulating the believers. Authority and direction flow from the Assemblies, whereas the power to accomplish the tasks resides primarily in the entire body of the believers. It is the principle task of the Auxiliary Boards to assist in arousing and releasing this power. . . . The Universal House of Justice, in The Continental Boards of Counselors, p. 37 It should . . . be remembered that these self-same functions are being carried out by the Assemblies, national and local, and their committees, which have at this time the great responsibility for actually executing the teaching plans and for administering, consolidating and protecting the Baha'i communities. The Auxiliary Board members should thus watch carefully that their work reinforces and complements that of the administrative institutions. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated October 10, 1976 Primary Tasks of Propagation Boards The primary tasks of the Propagation Boards . . . are to direct the believers' attention to the goals of whatever plans have been placed before them, to stimulate and assist them to promote the teaching work in the fields of proclamation, expansion, consolidation and pioneering, to encourage contributions to the funds, and to act as standard-bearers of the teachings of the Faith, leading them to new achievements in the diffusion of God's Message to their fellow human beings. Letter from the Universal House of Justice, dated August 14, 1974 Subjects to be Discussed with the Community While this vital teaching work is progressing each National Assembly must ever bear in mind that expansion and consolidation are inseparable processes that must go hand in hand. . . . To ensure that the spiritual life of the individual believer is continuously enriched, that local communities are becoming increasingly conscious of their collective duties, and that the institutions of an evolving administration are operating efficiently, is, therefore, as important as expanding into new fields and bringing in the multitudes under the shadow of the Cause. 7.43 Subjects to Be Discussed with the Community These objectives can only be attained when each National Spiritual Assembly makes proper arrangements for all the friends to be deepened in the knowledge of the Faith. The National Spiritual Assemblies in consultation with the Hands of the Cause . . . should avail themselves of the assistance of Auxiliary Board Members, who, together with the traveling teachers selected by the Assembly or its Teaching Committees, should be continuously encouraged to conduct deepening courses at Teaching Institutes and to make regular visits to local Spiritual Assemblies. The visitors, whether Board Members or traveling teachers should meet on such occasions not only with the local Assembly but, of course, with the local community members, collectively at general meetings and even, if necessary, individually in their homes. The subjects to be discussed at such meetings with the local Assembly and the friends should include among others the following points: 1. the extent of the spread and stature of the Faith today; 2. the importance of the daily obligatory prayers (at least the short prayer); 3. the need to educate Baha'i children in the Teachings of the Faith and encourage them to memorize some of the prayers; 4. the stimulation of youth to participate in community life by giving talks, etc. and having their own activities, if possible; 5. the necessity to abide by the laws of marriage, namely, the need to have a Baha'i ceremony, to obtain the consent of parents, to observe monogamy; faithfulness after marriage; likewise the importance of abstinence from all intoxicating drinks and drugs; 6. the local Fund and the need for the friends to understand that the voluntary act of contributing to the Fund is both a privilege and a spiritual obligation. There should also be discussion of various methods that could be followed by the friends to facilitate their contributions and the ways open to the local Assembly to utilize its local Fund to serve the interests of its community and the Cause; 7. the importance of the Nineteen-Day Feast and the fact that it should be a joyful occasion and rallying point of the entire community; 7.44 Teaching and Consolidation 8. the manner of election with as many workshops as required, including teaching of simple methods of balloting for illiterates, such as having one central home as the place for balloting and arranging for one literate person, if only a child, to be present at that home during the whole day, if necessary; 9. last but not least, the all-important teaching work, both in the locality and its neighboring centers, as well as the need to continuously deepen the friends in the essentials of the Faith. The friends should be made to realize that in teaching the Faith to others they should not only aim at assisting the seeking soul to join the Faith, but also at making him a teacher of the Faith and its active supporter. The Universal House of Justice, in A Special Measure of Lov